Ap human unit 5 - agriculture and agricultural processes

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.

areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates. Ex. Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia (indus valley), east Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, mesoamerica

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable and pleasant to human control

the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area, whatever they can find in their surroundings

a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year or season to preserve the fertility of the land

Agreement in which a certain amount of foreign debt is canceled in exchange for local currency investments that will improve natural resource management or protect certain areas in the debtor country from harmful development.

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

rural settlements in which farmers live in homes spread throughout the country side.

the planting and harvesting on the same parcel of land twice or three times a year

A type of agriculture that uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit. example- ranching

The type of farming uses low inputs to sustain a family of local community. Example: nomadic herding

primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources

an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

The advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century that scientifically increased food supply

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.

yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated application of labor and/or capital for profit

A form of substinence agriculture that is labor and animal intensive. that occurs In periphery and semi-periphery countries

the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment to prepare the land for growing crops

Developed an Agricultural Land Use Model that suggested that certain crops were grown in direct relation to their distance to market.

farms are long thin sections of land running perpendicular to a river. ex; places like Quebec and Louisiana

Small scale, labor and capital intensive production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers near an urban market

practiced in regions with hot dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation. Often grow figs, dates, olives, and grapes. They also often practice transhumance. ex; southern Europe, north Africa, southwestern Africa Australia and Asia, California, and central Chile.

type of survey system measuring irregular parcels of land, where metes referred to short distances often referring to features of specific points ex. ( from the oak tree, 100 yards north, to the corner of the barn) and bounds covered larger areas and where also based on larger areas ( streams, roads )

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and trade and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.

settlements where homes are located near each other in a village/ town fostering a strong sense of place and often utilizing shared services

a type of agriculture activity based on nomadic animal care/cultivation or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter

deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding.

An economic activity that takes something from the ground (farming, mining, forestry)

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

professor of geography at the university of California --- Berkley who was the first to argue that people in various times and locations developed agricultural hearths independently.

beginning in the 1700's coat-tailing off the advances of the Industrial revolution agriculture began to mechanize, increasing food supplies to support population growth, and became more knowledgeable on fertilizers and soils. innovations include; the steel plow and mechanized harvesting.

economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector

A form of extensive subsistent whereby farmer grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two and when the soil loses fertility they move into another field.

aka swidden agriculture, whereby farms clear the land by burning the vegetation. This enriches the poor soil by adding nitrogen to it.

Highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.

Economic activity associated with the provision of services - such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.

born in the mid 20th century out of science, research, and technology. It is happening currently, expanding the previous advances in the mechanization of agriculture and agricultural productions .

rectangular survey system used by the U.S. federal government to divide the land into a grid like pattern with 6x6 mile townships. It was developed by Thomas Jefferson.

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings