Studied by 8 peoplelow risk
pre conditioned, heavier, vaccinated, feed exposure
medium risk (high risk unexposed)
no preconditioning, fresh auction
high risk (high risk exposed)
auction with unknown history, bulls, lighter weight, sick at arrival
stress response involves
nervous system and HPA axis
primary chemical mediators of stress are
cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
during marketing/receiving cattle experience stress
transient endocrine response, changes in metabolic function, appetite change, immune system activates
immunity
protection form an infection or disease
immune system
complex biological system that can recognize what belongs to self v what is foreign; made up of cells and molecules responsible for immune protecting from antigens
antigen
foreign molecule capable of stimulating immune response
pathogen
foreign molecule capable of stimulating an immune response and inducing disease
infection
occurs when pathogen invades and establishes within a host
inflammation
coordinated response to tissue injury/infection with an antigen that allows immune cells to reach a localized area
acute stress
occurs for 24 hours or less
chronic stress
occurs for greater than 24 hours
what is the most significant health problem facing the cattle industry?
morbidity and mortality from BRD
morbidity
when an animal become clinically ill
issues with morbidity
increase costs due to medicine and labor, suppresses performance and carcass quality
mortality
death
3 components of animal health management
prevention, control, treatment
prevention
vaccinations/preconditioning
control
metaphylaxis (mass treatment), feed-grade antibiotics
treatment
treatment to diagnosed illness
epidemiolgic triad
host - pathogens - environment all interact
diptheria
hard breather, infection/inflammation of vocal chords, opportunistic bacteria invade
honker syndrome
tracheal edema, deeper tone
foot rot
bacterial, lameness
hairy heel wart
bacterial, highly contagious, heel lesions, wet conditions/poor sanitation increase occurence
pink eye
inflammation of cornea/conjunctiva of eye, highly contagious, reduced vision/blindness
coccidiosis
intestinal disease cause by coccidian (parasite), diarrhea/blood feces
liver flukes
snail host, colder wet areas, liver condemnation
brainers
name for cattle exhibiting neurological disorders, multiple causes
water belly
urinary calculi, related to Ca:P ratio
prolapses
rectal, vaginal, uterine
Acute/Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP)
sudden onset of respiratory distress, often ends w death, common in fat cattle
euthanasia means
good death
euthanasia reasons
severe trauma, suffering, down for >24 hours, no further treatment options, unknown treatment, zoonotic
primary euthanasia methods
gun shot, captive bolt, injectable
least common primary euthanasia methods
injectable solutions / barbiturate overdose
secondary euthanasia methds
exsanguination, pithing, second shot
confirmation of death
cardiac arrest, breathing stops, lack of corneal reflex
reducing _____ during handling will increase productivity and decrease the chance for ____ to both cattle and workers
stress, injury
what will help workers to work cattle more efficiently?
basic understanding of cattle behavior
grazing animals have what kind of vision?
wide-angled
limited _____ ______ allows them to startle easily
depth perception
handlers should move ____ and deliberate
slowly
cattle will not enter an area that is too what?
dark
cattle are more sensitive than humans to ______ ______ sounds
high-frequency
cattle equipment should be built to minimize ____, avoid _____
noise, yelling
be aware of animals _____ _____ during handling
flight zone
safety zone depends on ______
tameness
within flight zone the animal _____ ____, outside of flight zone animal _____ ____
turns away, watches you
point of balance
behind animals move forward, in front animals move backward
move past the point of balance in what direction to get the cattle to move the direction desired?
opposite
important to avoid bad experiences during handling so cattle become
trained to handling
avoid _____ of processing equipment
overcrowding
minimize use of _____ ____
electric prods
chute can be hydraulic or manual, which is more common?
hydraulic, in fast paced
flooring should
limit injury and slipping, not cause balking
tub and snake
tub catches animals, alley is in snake formation older
bud box
designed because animals want to go back to where they came from, double chutes and minimizes man power newer
feed production is the _____ of the feedlot
heart
set up and capability of the feed production system dictates
how many and what types of diets can be fed
types of milling operations?
batch feed mill, continuous flow feed mill, truck mounted mixer
most common type of feed mixing system?
truck mounted mixer
most commonly seen mixer in dairy
vertical
most common mixer in feedlots
horizontal
best feed mixer?
ribbon
storage system may dictate the ____ and ____ of feed ordered
amount, type
feedlots using batch systems use a combo of flat storage and
feed bins
batch systems and truck mounted mixers can use
commodity boxes
feedlots that use truck mounted mixers have what kind of storage?
flat storage
commodity boxes prevent
clogging and spoilage from running through feed bins
commodity boxes can be used for both wet and dry feeds
true
quality control of feed ingredients ensure
quality feed, nutrient content, accurate mixing
what can ensure quality ingredients?
early inspection
when inspecting quality look at
color, odor, texture, foreign objects, moisture/temp/spoilage
set up commodity shipments so theres time to
visually inspect, proper unloading, correct storage
______ feed samples can help increase accuracy of analysis
composting
when sampling mixed diets
take multiple, quartering method, mix evenly
proper feed inventory allows for
loss monitoring
when is it time to order more feed?
loss in DM, pencil loss % when ordering (~5%), weather
DART
Depression, Appetite, Respiration, Temperature
depression
head/ears down, listless, dull eyes ,dirty nose, short stride/dragging feet
appetite
flat sided, sunken sides, appetite changes, pot belly, doesn't come up to feed bunk
respiration
rate changes, weak/breathy/coughing
temperature
104, consider external weather conditions
ID of sick cattle
relies on pen riders, considered an art, experience, improves w familiarity, cattle hide illness, ID at feeding
Note
Flashcard