AP World-Unit 1

was a Sufi master and poet. A'ishah composed more works in Arabic than any other woman before the twentieth century. Wrote The Principles of Sufism.

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. Scholars, philosophers, doctors, and other thinkers all gathered in this center of trade and cultural development (Baghdad) . The era of the Abbasid Caliphs' construction and rule of Baghdad is known as the Golden Age of Islam.

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West.

a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.

The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.

they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Mexica is the name they gave themselves.

Capital of Abbasid dynasty - site of the House of Wisdom

a movement emphasizing the mutual intense emotional attachment and love of a devotee toward a personal god and of the god for the devotee. Ramananda was the first saint of the movement and founder of the Movement of northern India. The most important social impact of the movement was that the followers of the movement rejected the caste distinction. They began to mix together on the basis of equality. The movement encouraged religious toleration.

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

An Indian center for trade in 1200 A.D. that was once located near present-day St. Louis. Cahokia is an example of how advanced peoples had been in the Americas well before the arrival of the colonists in the early 1600's.

an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah.

during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

acquired by Chinese through trade with Vietnam was a fast-rippening, drought-resistant strain of rice that made a highly productive rice-based agriculture possible in the drier more rugged regions of southern China. Marked a major turning point as frontier region of Yangzi River grew rapidly in population, overtaking traditional centers of Chinese culture in the north.

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

An assertion, usually supported by evidence

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Historical Thinking Skill: Situates historical events, developments, or processes within the broader context in which they occurred to draw conclusions for their significance. example: intro to Star Wars Movies

An appreciation of the fact that while some aspects of a society stay the same over time (continuity), others will develop and transform (change).

capital of Muslim Spain, an economic center, hundreds of workshops, culture and learning flourished there

a position taken by someone with an opposing viewpoint

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru

A term meaning "house of Islam" in Arabic. It is the expanse of the Islamic world. In the centuries that followed the death of Muhammad, It stretched from the Iberian Peninsula of Western Europe to the far islands of Southeast Asia.

a person pledges themselves against a loan of money, but the length and nature of service are not defined and are at the discretion at the slaveholder

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull.

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty; example of partriarchy

broken into pieces

Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. Also made gold scarce thus maintaining high prices fell due to expansion northward into Almoravids territory.

series of waterways in eastern and northern China that link Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing. Some 1,100 miles (1,800 km) in length, it is the world's longest man-made waterway. built to enable successive Chinese regimes to transport surplus grain from the agriculturally rich Yangtze (Chang) and Huai river valleys to feed the capital cities and large standing armies in northern China.

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism

a group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE. The cities prospered thanks to local and interregional trade in such commodities as salt, precious metals, leather goods, and slaves. Islam was adopted by many of the rulers and elite of the city-states in the 14th and 15th century

The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

illustrates how individuals and/or events contributed to changes and development of ideas and concepts

Interactions among people, places, and events throughout history

located in Baghdad, center of advancement and education during Islamic Golden Age

Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Maya

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations - strong, weak, dissolute.

system to run centralized gov't, comprised of educated scholar-gentry

a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony (dominance) over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion.

powerful state in South East Asia, formed by people of the same name, lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE. At its peak, the empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam. Angkor, in present-day Cambodia, was the site of the capital city during the empire's zenith. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as Angkor Wat and Bayon, bear testimony to the Khmer Empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique, aesthetics achievements, and the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time.

families governed themselves

a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission

"Great Vehicle," . believe in a multitude of heavens, hells and descriptions of nirvana and have great reverence for Bodhisattvas "Buddhist "saints" on the verge of nirvana who stopped short of attaining it, so, like Buddha, they could teach their method to others.

13th-16th C. central Java, rose in the wake of mongol invasions. biggest and most powerful SE Asian island state in history. control almost all of what is today indonesia. golden age of Java culture.

Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River.

West African kingdoms that gained wealth through the trade of gold, salt and ivory at different times in Africa

• A political unit in Egypt established by Mamluks

an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Classical culture in Southern Mexico and Central America; contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical system, mathematical system; highly developed region.

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest located in Colorado, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300. after primarily living on the mesa top for 600 years, many Ancestral Puebloans began living in pueblos they built beneath the overhanging cliffs. By the late 1270s, the population began migrating south into present-day New Mexico and Arizona. By 1300, the Ancestral Puebloan occupation of Mesa Verde ended.

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

the last Mound Builder culture that lasted from AD 800 to the arrival of the Europeans in the 1500s.

economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced

(Also known as the Mochica) flourished along the northern coast and valleys of ancient Peru, in particular, in the Chicama and Trujilo, Valleys, between 1 CE and 800 CE

570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book.

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places

influential figures in Islamic intellectual history. He was a scientist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and theologian. He created ingenious mathematical models for use in astronomy. provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. He is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements

a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit. - common in Vietnam during the 1200-1450 period vd the extended family seen in China

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation of an Inca empire.

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god

a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

An original document containing the observations, ideas, and conclusions of an individual. It is a firsthand account presented by someone present or actively participating in the event.

to persuade someone to convert to a faith, belief, or cause

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty

The Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen

A secondhand account of an event or a retelling of another person's observations written by someone who did not witness or actually participate in the events.

11th and 12th century centered in Persia and present day Iraq. Turkic rulers began to claim Muslim title of Sultan rather than Turkic kaghan, Although Abbasid caliph remained the formal ruler, real power was exercised by Turkic sultans. they not only became Muslim but also carried Islam to new areas as well.

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings

Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali; only lasted for about 100 years