Ap Biology - Unit 1 Summary

Polar and unpolar

Atoms will want to achieve a perfect set of 8 ions in the outer shell (valence shell). For example: an Oxygen with 6 ions will want to achieve 8, by sharing with other atoms.

Hydrons are positive while the Oxygen is negative.

Isomers are elements that have the same chemical formula but have different structures.

Isotopes are elements that have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic mass.

Sugar and energy for us (CH2O)

Sugar, carbohydrates.

1 saccharide. Glucose, fructose, galactose.

2 saccharides. Ex. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose.

3-10 saccharides. They are important to create glycoproteins.

Many saccharides, over 10, usually vary in triple digits (for reference).

The addition of water (H2O) to break apart polymers to monomers.

The loss of water between two monomers to create a covalent bond between the two.

Fats, they are nonpolar, meaning they are hydrophobic.

A lipid that consists of a head with 3 fatty acid tails (hence the name, tri = 3).

Enzymes that break down fats to get energy from lipids.

a long hydrocarbon chain. (hydrocarbon is carbon surrounded by hydrogen.)

a straight fat with only hydrogen on the outside of each carbon.

A fat with a kink or multiple kinks in the tail with a double bond that causes that.

A fat with two tails, they commonly bind together to form a circle in water, with the polar heads touching water and the nonpolar tails being stored safe inbetween the walls. They form the membrane of a cell.

Maintains the fluidity of the membrane. If the phospholipid gets too hot, it keeps the phospholipids together and if it gets too cold, cholesterol keeps the phospholipids apart.

The building blocks of protein, they consist of a similar structure with a varying R-group/Side chain. The similar structure includes an amino group and carboxyl group surrounding a carbon bonded with a hydrogen and the R group.

A polypeptide are amino acids joined together by a peptide bond (a chemical bond that is formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another). A polypeptide chain are multiple polypeptides joined together to form a chainlike structure.

Protein folding is the folding of proteins. This is important because each protein must fold into the correct 3d structure to function properly with other things.

The sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. It is a polypeptide chain.

When folding begins. Occuring in folding formations such as the Alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets, depending on where hydrogen bonds form.

More folding that depend on each R-Group (side chain) which is where each protein’s structure begins to vary.

Proteins can be formed with more than one polypeptide chains, although not fully common. When protein folding occurs with multiple polypeptide chains.