APHUG Unit 1

geometric surface of the Earth

he area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

an area of bounded space of some human importance

• a type of place, and there are other categories of places, such as urban places, places of work, resource locations, and transportation nodes

• Attributes of a place change over time

the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history

ratio of distance on a map to distance in the real world in absolute terms

level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination.

• Scales can range from local to city and state, from regional to national to continental, or to the international and global scales

areas of bounded space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity

tend to have fuzzy borders

boundaries are finite and well-defined

are transitional and measurable

are areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose

• Market areas

an attraction at a shorter distance that takes precedence over an attraction that is farther away.

based upon the perception or collective mental map of the region’s residents

0° latitude. The North and South Poles are 90° latitude

• Site refers to the physical characteristics of a place

• Situation refers to the place’s interrelatedness with other places

all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones.

the length of distance that becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points

the effect that humans have on their environment, and vice versa

• developed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller

  • city location and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped at different scales

• the core of the urban landscape, a country’s capital is the core of its political landscape.

when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or a economic growth pole

wavy line pattern

• survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude

• narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind.

• most often calculated as the number of things per square unit of distance.

• measures the number of people per square unit of arable land, meaning land that either is actively farmed or has the potential to be

• refers only to the number of farmers per square unit of arable land

• originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations.

• originates in a first-order location and then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales

• begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines

• pattern is a general or underlying principle that diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas

• pattern begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, a mountain range, or a desert, and then relocates on the other side

• the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns

• show the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with road, building, river, and other natural landscape features

• a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations.

• calculate data values between points across a variable surface.

• use dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature.

• use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern.

• use simplified geometries to represent real-world places.

• one with a ratio that is a comparatively large real number

• one with a ratio that is a comparatively very small real number

• balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the Earth’s surface.

• attempt to maintain the shape of polygons on the map.

• distortion of the relative area from one part of the map to the other

• attempt to maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map.

  • distortion of the actual shape of polygons

• non-spatial models that use population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space.

• a mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis

  • used to calculate transportation flow between two points, determine the area of influence of a city’s businesses, and estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place

• try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures**.**

• attempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes

• can be modified to create a graph showing the cost-to-distance relationship in urban real estate prices.

• became practical with the onset of the desktop computer in the 1970s.

  • incorporate one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping.