Modules 49-54

-an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

-women are slightly more likely than men to commit this aggression

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

the acquisition of a traditionally masculine or feminine role

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

-before age 9

-morality of self-interest

-obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

-early adolescence

-morality of law and social rules

-uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or avoid disapproval and maintain social order

-you have to have an understanding of social approval

Ex: Using a crosswalk because that’s what the law says; saying I will pay taxes because the law says I should

-adolescence and beyond

-morality of abstract principles

-actions reflect belief in basic/agreed-upon rights & self-defined/personal ethical principles to affirm these things

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolscesnt’s task is to split a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

• Issue: trust vs. mistrust

• You develop a sense of basic trust if your needs are dependently met

• Important events: feeding & comfort

• Issue: autonomy vs. shame

• Your either learn to do things for yourself and exercise will or you doubt your abilities

• Important events: toilet training and independence (*not adulthood independence*)

• Issue: initiative vs. guilt

• You learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or you feel guilty about efforts to be independent

• Important events: exploration and locomotor skill

• Issue: industry/competence vs. inferiority

• You learn the pleasure of applying yourself to tasks or feel inferior

• Important events: school and social + intellectual development

• Issue: identity vs. role confusion

• You refine a sense of of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or you become confused about who you are

• Important events: social relationships

• Issue: intimacy vs. isolation

• You struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or you feel socially isolated

• Important events: long-term relationships

• Issue: generativity vs. stagnation

• You discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or you may feel a lack of purpose

• Important events: work and parenthood

• Issue: integrity vs. despair

• Reflecting on your life, you feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

• Important events: reflection on life

• in Erikson’s theory the ability to form close, loving relationships

  • Referring to romantic relationships, but we know that is dated & that not everyone will get married

• a primary developmental task in young adulthood

a period from about 18 to mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

the non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

-the time of natural cessation of menstruation

-also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

-acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits

-often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse

-a neurocognitive disorders marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

-linked to/associated with an undersupply of acetylcholine

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

-propsoed that moral reasoning guides moral actions

-described the development of moral reasoning using levels of moral reasoning that form a moral ladder