Unit 7 AP Psychology

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Motivation from internal factors

Motivation from external factors

the normal human interest in sexual objects & activities, where sex is theorized to be a desire than a need

the need for achievements drives accomplishments & performance

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

occurs when the introduction of an extrinsic reward weakens the strong intrinsic motivation that was the key to the person's original high performance.

pulled into action by outside incentives

body & mind’s response to a stimulus

social groups/cultures’ informal norm about appropiately expressing emotions

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise

sex, hunger, need to belong

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

The process by which people achieve their full potential

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal (optimal) state

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

We are motivated by natural instincts

Create the biological feeling of hunger, synthesizing & discreting hormones (monitors blood chemistry & respond to low level

cause feeling of hunger

cause feeling of full

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.

the body’s resting rate of energy output.

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

an eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating (i.e., discrete periods of uncontrolled consumption of abnormally large quantities of food) followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise).

A disorder characterized by a strong desire to lose weight, a low BMI, and habitually restrictive eating

first you feel the emotion, and then the physiological response

(Emotion -> Physiological response)

Emotional reactions RESULT in physical reactions

(Physiological Response -> Emotion)

Emotional reactions and corresponding physical reactions happen simultaneously; believed that the body's responses are too similar to be two separate things

(Physiological Response + Emotion)

one senses physiological arousal, one does a cognitive appraisal by scanning their environment in order to determine the emotion that one is feeling

(Physiological Response + Thoughts = Emotion)

believed that emotions take a "low road" which is a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex, enabling quick emotional responses before conscious understanding.

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings. For example, smiling activates muscles that directly trigger the feeling of happiness.

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. (Type A more likely to get this)

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

We are motivated by our need to belong

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Organisms are motivated to reduce a state of arousal caused by a physiological need (drive)

Conflicts in which you must decide between desirable options

Conflicts in which you must decide between undesirable options

Conflicts in which you must decide between options with both desirable and undesirable features

describes the internal mental debate (sometimes called a conflict) that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements.

A heightened state

Childhood experiences and the unconscious mind

Sigmund Freud and Alfred Alder

Childhood events, the unconscious, and instincts

The need for superiority, which stems from feelings of inferiority

Individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

id, ego, superego

The instinctive part of personality that focuses on instant gratification and pleasure

The "self" or "reality" part of personality; the decision-maker and peace-keeper

The moral part of personality

A mental deception used to avoid conscious conflict or anxiety

The Ego's job is difficult balancing the Id and the Superego

denial

displacement

projection

rationalization

reaction formation

regression

repression

transmutation

A person forgets experience (pushes it into the unconscious)

A person refuses to believe painful realities

A person "projects" their own thoughts and feelings onto someone else

A person goes back to an earlier or less mature state or behavior

A person redirects or "places" their feelings onto a person or object.

when someone decides or comes up with a seemingly logical explanation to justify an event and avoid the true explanation

Rechanneling emotions into a socially acceptable activity

when someone expresses an exaggerated, opposite version of how they actually feel

Obtaining knowledge over something as a means of having a sense of control.

Birth order

• oldest: responsible, protective

• middle: ambitious & well adjusted

• youngest: spoiled

focused on the conscious role of the ego more than the unconscious. He believed that motivation comes from fear of failure, the inferiority complex, and the desire to achieve. He also thought about the superiority complex where people mask their fears of being inferior by acting superior.

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Robert McCrae & Paul Costa

Being open-minded and like to try new things

Being responsible, dependable, self-disciplined, and organized

Being sociable, assertive, and lively

Being is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

Being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody

Suggested there are three dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability

Psychoticism, Extraversion-introversion, Neuroticism-emotional stability

A personality trait shared by people who are friendly, assertive, and outgoing with others

A personality trait shared by quiet and reserved individuals

Sociable, outgoing, easily connect with others (extrovert)

An outgoing person

A person whose thoughts and interests are directed inward

Need to be alone, like to do things by themselves, limit their interactions with others (Introvert)

Anxious, insecure

Laid-back, emotionally stable

Independent, mean, outsider, impulsive

What drives people to do the things they do

the scientific study of a whole person

an individual’s unique and relatively consistence patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

according to Sigmund Freud, it is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, including animalistic biological drives, instincts, and urges