Chapter 11: Cognitive Psychology: Memory, Language, and Problem-Solving

memory for events that we ourselves have experienced.

Grouping items of information into units.

in which old information makes it more difficult to learn new information.

in which new information pushes old information out of short-term memory.

It is also easier to remember things that are personally relevant.

indicates that it is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone.

is to use short words or phrases that represent longer strings of information.

when we make a conscious effort to retain information.

can be defined as the process of producing something novel yet worthwhile.

experimented on memory and partial report.

is the degree to which an object fits the average.

studied the phenomenon of forgetting.

encompasses the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, remembering, using, and constructing knowledge.

A quickly moving fan also may generate such a perception.

If many correct answers are possible.

is when a child thinks that his or her "mama "is the only "mama ..

in collaboration with Edward Sapir, proposed a theory of linguistic relativity, according to which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language.

It results from the infant not knowing enough words to express something fully.

________ contrast with algorithms, which are systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problem.

are deductive conclusions drawn from two premises.

are the smallest units of speech sounds in a given language that are still distinct in sound from each other.

is the set of rules used in the arrangement of morphemes into meaningful sentences; this can also be thought of as word order.

is a way of grouping or classifying the world around us.

postulated a system for the organization of language based on the concept of what he referred to as transformational grammar.

is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech.

is the process of drawing general inferences from specific observations.

________ and other psychologists are studying the existence of false or implanted memories.

are single terms that are applied by the infant to broad categories of things.

memory is divided into three separate storage areas: sensory, short- term, and long- term.

________ found that the information stored in this portion of memory is primarily acoustically coded, despite the nature of the original source.

It is also easier to remember things that are personally relevant.

If the problem can be solved only by one answer.

________ is one likely cause of memory reconstruction.

is the sudden understanding of a problem or a potential strategy for solving a problem that usually involves conceptualizing the problem in a new way.

(or explicit) memory is a memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve, such as episodic and semantic memory.

the search for information that supports a particular view, hinders problem- solving by distorting objectivity.

can occur unconsciously when we are engaged with well- practiced skills, like riding a bicycle.

involves organization and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to long- term memory (as when you try to remember the name of someone you have just met at a party)

The ________ also can lead to incorrect conclusions.

explored the idea of the "language acquisition support system, "which is the language- rich or language- poor environment the child is exposed to while growing up.

is the repository for all of our lasting memories and knowledge, and it is organized as a gigantic network of interrelated information.

or the tendency after the fact to think you knew what the outcome would be, also distorts our ability to view situations objectively.

________, a noted behaviorist, countered Chomskys argument for language acquisition.

which facilitates the acquisition of language in children.

is referred to as iconic if it is visual and echoic if it is auditory.

means that the conclusion is drawn from what events come readily to mind.

when we make a conscious effort to retain information.

or memory for events that we ourselves have experienced.

is very broad and encompasses a large group of items, such as the concept of "food

________ combine to form morphemes, the smallest semantically meaningful parts of language.

sensory, short-term, and long-term

storage capacity, duration of code, nature of code, and a way by which information is lost

A quickly moving fan also may generate such a perception

can occur unconsciously when we are engaged with well-practiced skills, like riding a bicycle

It is also easier to remember things that are personally relevant

The recency effect tends to fade in about a day; the primacy effect tends to persist longer

Grouping items of information into units

The activation of a few nodes can lead to a pattern of activation within the network that spreads onward

Repeated suggestions and misleading questions can create false memories

It results from the infant not knowing enough words to express something fully

This speech lacks many parts of speech

An image emerges in our brain

If many correct answers are possible

If the problem can be solved only by one answer

holds information from a few seconds up to about a minute.

is simple repetition to keep an item in short-term memory until it can be used (as when you say a phone number to yourself over and over again until you can dial it).

involves organization and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to long-term memory (as when you try to remember the name of someone you have just met at a party).

also known as declarative, which comprises facts, figures, and general world knowledge.

memory consisting of skills and habits.

is a memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve, such as episodic and semantic memory.

is beyond conscious consideration and would include procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning.

also applies to states of mind, meaning that information memorized when under the influence of a drug is easier to access when in a similar state than when not on that drug.

The activation of a few nodes can lead to a pattern of activation within the network that spreads onward.

which is a very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing event.

is one likely cause of memory reconstruction.

other psychologists are studying the existence of false or implanted memories.

Repeated suggestions and misleading questions can create false memories.

The superficial way in which the words are arranged in a text or in speech

The underlying meaning of the words.

is very broad and encompasses a large group of items, such as the concept of “food.”

is smaller and more specific—for example, “bread.”

is even smaller and more specific, such as “rye bread.”