Anatomy & Physiology Test #3

Another word for joint?

Location where 2 or more bones meet

Anatomical structure

Bones involved

1.) Which bones are bound to each other ?

2.) How freely do they move?

1.)Bony Joints

2.)Fibrous Joints

3.)Cartilaginous joints

4.)Synovial Joints

Bony Joint

1.)Sutures

2.)Gomphoses

3.)Syndemosis

Adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers that come out of 1 bone cross the space between them and penetrate into the other.

• immovable

• bind bones in skull together

1. Serate = interlock , wavy lines

2. Lap ( squamous) = overlapping beveled edges

3. Plane ( butt) = straight dont over lap

interlock , wavy lines

overlapping beveled edges

straight dont overlap

atttaches a tooth in its socket

Peridontal Ligament

• 2 bones bound together by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or Gomphosis

• bone has mobility

• unites radius and ulna

• tibia and fibula

syndemosis

most moveable syndemosis

less moveable syndemosis

Amphirathosis Joint

• 2 bones linked by cartilage

• 2 types: synchondrosis & symphysis

• bound by hyaline cartilage

• Old transforms this joint into fibrous joint

2 bones joined by fibrocartilage

ex.) pubic symphysis & intervertebral disc

Diarthroisis Joints

• most are freely movable

• most important for physical + occupational therapists, coaches, nurses , and trainers

1. Articular Cartilage

2. Joint Capsule

3. Synovial Membrane

4. Joint Cavity

Covers bones at the joint + layer of hyaline cartlage

• A sac that holds the articular ends of the bones in a joint

• Reinforced with tendons + ligaments

• made of dense irregular connective tissue

• Clear fluid ( Synovial fluid) is produced here

• Nourishes the articular cartilage and removes waste

• Makes synovial joint movement almost friction free

• Lubricates , distributes, and absorbs shock

Muscle to Bone

Bone to Bone

• Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

• Cushion, Modify direction, helps tendons slide easily over joints

Stretched Bursa wrapped around a tendon

• in hand and foot

seperates articular surfaces

1. Ball and Socket

2. Condyloid (Ellipsoid)

3. Saddle

4. Plane ( Glidding )

5. Hinge

6. Pivot

Circular head into cup like socket

Ball and Socket

• greatest range of motion

• bursae help reduce friction

• frequently dislocated

The shoulder and hip joints

Ellipsoid

Oval convex surface of one bone fits into perfectly shaped depression of another.

ex.) Radiocarpel joints

metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of fingers

movement in 2 planes

saddle joints

bones have articular surfaces that are shaped like “saddles”, concave in 1 direction and convex in the other.

ex. steroclavicular joint - clavicle articulates with sternum

glidding joints

• Flat articular surfaces in which bones slides over each other with relativley limited movements

• biaxial joint

Plane joints

• 1 bone convex surface fits into a concave depression of another

• monoaxial joint

hinge joints

moves freely in 1 plane

• 1 bone projection that is held in place by a ring like ligament

• spins on its longitudinal axis

• ex. dens of axis and atlas

anatomical position

• joints described as leaving (abduction) or returning (adduction) to zero position

Decrease the angle of a joint

Extend pass anatomical position

Increase the angle of a joint

refers to bending the vertebral column to the side

upward movement of foot and/or toes

movement extending the ankle, as in standing on tiptoe

away from midline

toward midline or reference point

moving a body part so that the disital end traces a circle while the proximal end stays in one position

• think making a circle with your arm

Downward displacement

• often occurs when arm is abducted and hit from above.

1. Quadriceps

2. Patellar Ligament

3. Medial + Lateral Menisici

4. Medial collateral Ligament (MCL)

5. Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

6. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

7. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Hyperflexion

Hyperextension

Anterior Tibia

Posterior Femur

Posterior Tibia

Anterior Femur

Rectus Femoris to Patella

Patella to Tibial Tuberosity

provides lateral support

provides medial support

1. Anterior cruciate ligament

2. Medial Menicus

3. Medial collateral ligament

• pair of fibrocartilage pads

• between femoral and tibial surfaces

ACL

Interior joint viewed with a pencil thin arthroscope through a small incision

inflammation in a joint

treat arthritis

• most common form of arthritis

• “wear and tear”

• hyaline cartilage

• Autoimmune attack joint tissue

• likes women

• attack synovial membrane , fluid degrades articular cartilage joints ossify

repalce joint

• prosthesis

1. responsiveness

2. conductivity

3. contractility

4. elasticity

chemical signals stretch and electrical changes cross plasma membranes

electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along muscle fiber

shortens when stimulated

returning to its original rested length after stretched

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place

myofiber / muscle cells

fasicle / fasiculus

muscle

functional unit of muscle

scaring of the mylein

produce mylein

• muscle fiber

• plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

cytoplasma of muscle fiber

long protein bundle , occupies main portion in sacroplasma

Smooth ER around each myofibal

• calcium reservoir

• golf club shaped

• 2 chain intertwined

• double gobular head

• protein

2 intertwined strands both have active site that can bind to head of myosin

• protein

Responsible for CA (calcium) ions rushing into a cell to create contraction

• protein