AP HuG Exam Review - Unit 1

Reference maps - general info/navigation/location of places

Thematic maps - spatial aspects of data/phenomenon

Political, physical, road, plat map

Choropleth, dot-density/distribution, graduated/proprotional symbol, isoline/topographic, cartogram

Multiple countries (supranational region) or OF a region (subnational)

Anything smaller than a country

Large Scale - Large amounts of detail, zoomed in, smaller amount of area

Small Scale - Small amounts of detail, zoomed out, larger amount of an area

Linear, clustered, dispersed

SADD - Shape, area, distance, direction

Strengths/Preservation:

• Directions are shown accurately

Weakness/Distortion:

• Distance between lines of longitude appears constant

• Area near poles appear larger

Fact/Purpose:

• Used originally for navigation

Strengths/Preservation:

• Area - sizes of landmasses are accurate

Weakness/Distortion:

• Shapes are inaccurate, especially near the poles

Fact/Purpose:

• Used for spatial distribution related to area

Strengths/Preservation:

• Distance - Used to show the closeness of all the countries

Weakness/Distortion:

• Area - Landmasses closer to poles seem larger than they are

• Area - Size of landmasses become more disproportionate the farther one moves away from the equator

Fact/Purpose:

• Historically used to depict the face off between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Strengths/Preservation:

• Area and Shape preserved

Weakness/Distortion:

• Interrupts the oceans

Fact/Purpose:

• Spatial Distribution

Strengths/Preservation:

• No major distortion

• Oval shape appears more like a globe than it does a rectangle

Weakness/Distortion:

• Area, shape, size, and direction are all slightly distorted

Fact/Purpose:

• Used for general purposes - compromise between Mercator and Peters projection

Data is gathered through Fieldwork/Field Observations - by individuals or organizations

A system of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice daily and transmit radio signals Earthward; the basis for many map-based apps that provide directions on how to get from one place to another

A software application for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface; allows the rapid manipulation of geospatial data for problem-solving and research

• Analyzing of crime data

• Monitoring effects of pollution

• Analyzing transportation/travel time

• Planning urban areas

Cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites collect digital images or video of the earth's surface above the atmosphere (aerial photography)

• Determining land cover and use

• Monitoring environmental changes

• Assessing spread of spatial phenomena

Space - An area we occupy as humans, has no value until the people who occupy it make it their own

Place - How we modify spaces based on who we are as a group of people through the process of place making

Built forms that cultural groups create (houses, cities, fields) and the meaning, values, representations, and experiences associated with them; how we leave our mark on the physical environment

Ties between countries/regions eventually creating a global economic system that isn't always equal; creates dependencies

Inverse relationship between distance and connection; as distance increases, the spread of people and ideas/interactions decreases

• Physical barriers + cultural barriers

Increased sense of accessibility and connectivity decrease distance between places by time or cost "the world is shrinking"

• Due to increased tech, transportation, internet

• Expansion Diffusion - When cultural traits are spread through exchange WITHOUT migration

• Relocation Diffusion - Ppl w ideas/practices migrate to dif location and bring them along

Hierarchical + Reverse Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus

• Ideas leapfrog from 1 important person, community, or city to another, bypassing other areas (ppl/communities) in between

• Ideas leapfrog from lower to higher level

Wavelike spread of ideas WITHOUT regard for hierarchy

Using resources now in ways that allow use in the future with minimal negative effects on the environment

Belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior/culture

When a specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted

Geographic area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common (language, religion, livelihood); has borders

• Political (country)

• Physical (Sahara)

• Economic (EU - bc free trade)

• Cultural (Southwestern Nigeria, common language)

Organized around a focal point (node) and defined by an activity, often around economic activities, travel, or communication; perform a service

Central point where the functions are directed

• Node - Central point where the functions are directed

• Many have clearly defined borders

• Need flow - could be visible (cars delivering pizza w roads) and invisible (political and legal authority from the capital city)

• Functional regions help us function

Based on a person's perspective or perception; unique regional name

• Fuzzy boundaries (based on different people's beliefs, attitudes/feelings)

• Could be named based off physical environment, culture, political, economic historical characteristics, or outsider perceptions/stereotypes

Societies Depend on, Adapt to, and Modify the physical environment

The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of information

A geographic perspective that seeks to identify and explain the uses of space

Placement of arrangement of objects on Earth's surface; also includes the space between the objects

The territorial extent of an idea or object

Corresponds to the direction on a compass; north, south, east, west and combinations such as NE and SW

Distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a foot, yard, mile, or kilometer

Measurement of the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between places despite their absolute distance from each other

Direction that can be described as potion, such as in front of or behind, to the left or to the right

Official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals, such as age, sex, and race (US census occurs every 10 years)

Precise position on Earth's surface

The zero-degree longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England; also known as the Greenwich Meridian

Position of one place/person in relation to another

Occurs when the same or a very similar innovation is developed at the same time in different places by different people working independently

Inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression diminishes friction of distance

Geographic perspective that acknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities and global patterns, emphasizing that the forces of globalization need to take into account local-scale cultural, economic, and environmental conditions

Boundaries that are disputed for religious, political, or cultural reasons

Wallerstein's theory of economic development that regards world history as moving through a series of socioeconomic systems, culminating in the the modern world system by about the year 1900 (core, sp, periph)

The theory that the periphery is poor because it was economically dependent on the core in a disadvantageous relationship originally established under colonialism and imperialism

Occurs when commodities account for more than 60 percent of the value of a country's total exports

Mercator Projection

Peters

Polar

Goode-Homolosine

Robinson Projection

Scale: Global

Scale of Analysis: National

Scale: Global

Scale of Analysis: Global

Scale: National

Scale of Analysis: Local

Scale: Local

Scale of Analysis: Local

Belief that there are a number of possible ways that humans can find ways to overcome environmental challenges