Mid-Term 2 Medical Terminology Professor Spurgin

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

The mouth begins the process of digestion by chewing and breaking down food into smaller pieces.

The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis.

The stomach secretes gastric juices to break down food further and mixes it into a semi-liquid form called chyme.

The small intestine absorbs nutrients from the chyme into the bloodstream for distribution to the body.

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces.

The liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

The gallbladder stores and releases bile into the small intestine.

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels.

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.

It filters, warms, and moistens the air we breathe.

It serves as a passage for both air and food.

It contains the vocal cords and helps produce sound.

It carries air from the larynx to the bronchi.

They are two branches that carry air into the lungs.

They are the main organs of respiration, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled.

It is a muscle that aids in the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing.

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It consists of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

There are three types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infections, platelets help in blood clotting, and plasma carries nutrients and waste products.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are accessory organs.

The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest cavity. It consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The atria contract to pump blood into the ventricles. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The heart is surrounded by a protective sac called the pericardium and is supplied with oxygen and nutrients by the coronary arteries. The heart's rhythmic contractions are controlled by electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) node.

The flow of blood through the heart can be described as follows:

1. Blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.

2. The right atrium contracts, forcing the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

3. The right ventricle contracts, pumping the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.

4. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

5. The blood is now high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.

6. It returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

7. The left atrium contracts, pushing the blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

8. The left ventricle contracts, pumping the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.

9. The aorta distributes the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

10. The cycle repeats as deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the vena cava.

Pulse refers to the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries as blood is pumped through them by the heart. It is typically measured by counting the number of beats per minute at certain points in the body, such as the wrist or neck.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it around the body. It is measured using two values: systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart contracts) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart relaxes). Blood pressure is an important indicator of cardiovascular health.

Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Hypertension, Arrhythmia, Congestive heart failure, Coronary artery disease, Valvular heart disease, Cardiomyopathy, Peripheral artery disease, and Stroke.

A condition where plaque builds up in the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden.

Also known as a heart attack, it occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage.

High blood pressure, which can strain the heart and blood vessels.

An irregular heartbeat, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular in rhythm.

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

A narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle.

Damage or dysfunction of the heart valves, affecting blood flow within the heart.

A disease of the heart muscle, leading to weakened or enlarged heart chambers.

Narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the limbs, causing reduced blood flow.

A disruption of blood flow to the brain is often caused by a blood clot or bleeding.

These vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues. They have thick, elastic walls that can withstand high pressure. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body's tissues. They have thinner walls compared to arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow. Veins merge into larger vessels called venules.

Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins. They allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Capillaries have a large surface area and slow blood flow to facilitate this exchange.

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

It pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allowing for exchange of nutrients and waste.

It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. It also helps regulate body temperature and pH, and plays a role in immune response and clotting.

Anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, thrombocytopenia, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, hemophilia, and sepsis.

A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, causing an abnormal increase in white blood cells.

A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, leading to the abnormal growth of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

A condition characterized by a low platelet count, which can result in abnormal bleeding and bruising.

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own tissues.

A condition in which the immune system is weakened or compromised, making individuals more susceptible to infections.

A genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to control blood clotting, leading to excessive bleeding.

A life-threatening condition caused by a severe infection that can lead to organ failure and tissue damage.

Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing.

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus.

A chronic lung disease that causes shortness of breath by damaging the air sacs in the lungs.

A group of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which make it difficult to breathe.

A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing coughing, chest pain, and fever.

A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot.

A malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the lungs, often caused by smoking or exposure to certain chemicals.

A chronic disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits without any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities.

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

The lower part of the large intestine is where feces are stored before elimination.

The opening at the end of the digestive tract through which waste materials are expelled.

adenoids

air

clumping

alveolus; air sac

anus

vessel

coal

aorta

appendix

appendix

artery

incomplete

fatty substance

atrium

axilla, underarm

weight

base

bronchus

bronchus

bronchiole

cheek

heart

cecum

bile, gall

bile duct

gallbladder

common bile duct

color

yellow

clotting

colon

colon

dust

heart