GEOL 101 Exam Review 3

Very old, strong, and stable continental crust, consisting of the oldest rocks on Earth.

Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks exposed at the surface, forming the core of continents.

The process of mountain formation due to plate interactions, involving convergence and divergence.

Mountains form where new crust has been added onto the craton. → ←

Process where one tectonic plate moves under another, leading to the formation of volcanic arcs and fold-thrust belts.

Island fragments of continental crust with distinct geological histories merging at convergent margins.

Mountains form where crust has been ripped apart from it. ← →

Convergence of continents leading to high-grade metamorphic rocks and fold-thrust belts.

A change in spatial orientation by tilting.

A change in location by fracturing. Examples include jointing and faulting.

A change in shape by folding.

Shallow in crust

Deep in crust

Planar breaks in the crust showing displacement, classified by relative motion and geometry (e.g., normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip).

Arch-shaped fold where limbs dip out and away from the hinge.

Trough-shaped fold where limbs dip inward and toward the hinge.

Fold resembling an overturned bowl, exposing older rock in the center.

Fold shaped like an upright bowl, exposing younger rocks in the center.

Force applied across a unit area, leading to deformation.

Change in shape or volume in response to stress, with compression, tension, and shear as types of strain.

A distinct boundary between the crust and the mantle where seismic waves are refracted.

Occurs beneath the crust (from 100-200 km) - the asthenosphere.

Area where P-waves do not arrive at seismometers between 103° and 143° from the epicenter due to refraction.

Area where S-waves do not arrive at seismometers between 103° and 180° due to inability to travel through liquids.

Studies how Earth's magnetic field is recorded in rocks, aiding in understanding past tectonic movements.

Force driven by gravitational energy associated with the topographic elevation of the mid-ocean ridge.

Force developed due to the denser old oceanic lithosphere sinking into the underlying asthenosphere.

Deformation shortens and thickens the crust.

Deformation lengthens and things the crust.

Deformation neither thickens or thins the crust.

Characterized by blocks that move parallel to the dip of the fault (vertical).

Hanging wall moves down relative to footwall.

Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall - high angle > 30°.

A type of reverse fault but with a low angle dip, < 30°.

When blocks move parallel to the fault plane strike. Tend to be vertical.

Fault block appears to move sideways and to the right past the observer’s block.

Fault block appears to move sideways and to the left past the observer’s block.

Occur where rock has been deformed deep below the surface from tectonic compression (continental to continental convergent boundaries).