AP Psych: Unit 5 Modules 31-33

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

the retention of encoded information in the brain over time.

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision; contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare".

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

retention independent of conscious recollection.

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

psychologist; found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (plus or minus 2) items; made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory.

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

the neural storage of a long-term memory, supported by sleep.

the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

an inability to form new memories.

an inability to retrieve information from one's past.

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before.; cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect; he was also the first person to describe the learning curve.

her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony.

consists of associating items you want to remember with physical locations.