WWI

Dollar Diplomacy

• Created by Taft

• A policy whereby American influence would be exerted primarily by American banks and financial interests, supported in part by diplomats

Moral Diplomacy

• Created by Wilson -> the system in which support is given only to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the nation

Wilson’s Proclamation of Neutrality

“The United States must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in thought as well as in action, must put a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another.” 

Women’s Peace Party

An American pacifist and feminist organization formally established in January 1915 in response to World War I. The organization is remembered as the first American peace organization to make use of direct action tactics such as public demonstration

Jane Addams

An American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher, and author. She was an important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States

Alice Paul

An American Quaker, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist, and one of the foremost leaders and strategists of the campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote

English-American Rapprochement

the convergence of diplomatic, political, military, and economic objectives of the United States and the British Empire from 1895 to 1915

Richard Harding Davis

An American journalist and writer of fiction and drama, known foremost as the first American war correspondent to cover the Spanish–American War, the Second Boer War, and World War I. His writing greatly assisted the political career of Theodore Roosevelt

Tin Pan Alley

A collection of music publishers and songwriters in New York City that dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Lusitania

Passenger liner sunk by German U-boats

Gore-Mclemore Resolution

Stop Americans from sailing on passenger ships around the North Sea and English Channel

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of state of Wilson. Renowned pacifist, resigns because Wilson is getting too close to war

Edith Wharton

• Oversaw sewing rooms and organized housing.

• Opened a tuberculosis hospital and raised money for relief

Jeannette Rankin

• Women’s rights advocate

• Was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from Montana in 1916 for one term, then again in 1940

Selective Service Act 1917

• Created by Wilson 

• (basically the draft)

• Authorized the federal government to temporarily expand the military through conscription

Liberty bonds

Support the government's war effort, money is paid back later with interest

Four minute men

A virtual army of volunteers who gave brief speeches wherever they could get an audience—in movie theaters, churches, synagogues, and labor union, lodge, and grange halls

National War Industries Board/ Labor Board

• Primary responsibility - peacefully settle labor disputes in order to prevent strikes or lock-outs in war industries

• Organize industry, increase efficiency, and maximize production

“Dollar a year” executives

Created by the CPI - Business and government executives who helped the government mobilize and manage American industry during periods of war

Food and Fuel Administration

• Agency of the Federal government of the United States established by Executive Order 2690 of August 23, 1917, pursuant to the Food and Fuel Control Act.

• Managed the use of coal and oil

Herbert Hoover

• President Woodrow Wilson appointed him to lead the Food Administration.

• Became famous as his country's "food czar".

• After the war, he led the American Relief Administration, which provided food to the starving millions in Central and Eastern Europe, especially Russia

War Revenue Act 1917

Increasing income taxes to unprecedented levels in order to raise more money for the war effort

Committee on Public Information

• aka the CPI

• An independent agency of the government of the United States under the Wilson administration created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I, in particular, the US home front.

• Released news of the government, issue information to sustain domestic morale, and publicize America abroad

W.E.B. DuBois

• A founder of the Niagara Movement, a collective of civil rights activists who drew up a statement of principles opposed to the Atlanta Compromise.

• A founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Conscientious objectors

an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion

Commission on Training Camp Activites

• An umbrella agency within the United States Department of War

• Provided recreational and educational activities for soldiers as they trained for combat

105th New York National Guard regiment

a New York State National Guard Regiment that saw action in a number of conflicts, including the Civil War, the Spanish-America War, the Mexican Border dispute of 1916, WWI

The Great Migration

The movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970

Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Prevent opposition to the war

• Silence anyone who spoke out against the draft and the war effort

National Civil Liberties Bureau

An American civil rights organization founded in 1917, dedicated to opposing World War I, and specifically focusing on assisting conscientious objectors

Roger Baldwin

• One of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union - free speech

  • ACLU: defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to all people in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States

Schenck vs. U.S.

Charles Schenck was charged under the Espionage Act for mailing printed circulars critical of the military draft. Writing for a unanimous Court, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes upheld Schenck's conviction and ruled that the Espionage Act did not conflict with the First Amendment

Eugene V. Debs

• One of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World

• Helped organize the Pullman strike

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

A labor organization that sought to organize workers along the lines of industrial unions rather than the specialized trade, or craft, unions of the American Federation of Labor

Victor Berger

• Was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party of America and its successor, the Socialist Party of America

• Convicted of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 for publicizing his anti-interventionist views and as a result was denied the seat to which he had been twice elected in the House of Representatives. The verdict was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in 1921

American Legion

• Chartered by Congress in 1919 as a patriotic veterans organization.

• Focuses on service to veterans, service members and communities

• Evolved from a group of war-weary veterans of World War I into one of the most influential nonprofit groups in the United States

The Red Scare & Palmer Raids

A series of raids on suspected communists and radicals believed to have intentions to overthrow the American government

League of Nations & Article 10

• League of Nations - group of nations that help each other and preserve peace

  • America is not a part of it (created by Wilson)

• Article 10 - everyone in the league is responsible to help each other

“Loyalists,” “Reservationists,” “Irreconcilables”

• Loyalists - Support the treaty and Wilson entirely

• Reservationists - Will not change their minds, do not like Wilson

  • Conservatives

  • Progressivists

• Irreconcilables - Will endorse the treaty EXCEPT Article 10

Wilsonian idealism (aka “Wilsonianism”)

• Emphasis on self-determination of peoples.

• Advocacy of the spread of capitalism.

• Support for collective security, and at least partial opposition to American isolationism. 

• Support for open diplomacy and opposition to secret treaties.

• Support for freedom of navigation and freedom of the seas

Pacifism

The belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means

Preparedness

• A campaign that began prior to U.S. entry into World War I (April 1917) to increase U.S. military capabilities and to convince the U.S. citizenry of the need for American involvement in the conflict and ongoing military preparedness

AEF impact on war’s outcome

Boosted the morale of the hard-pressed Allies, and convinced many German leaders that military victory was no longer possible after the failed Spring Offensives of 1918

Goals of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• Open diplomacy without secret treaties.

• Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace.

• Equal trade conditions.

• Decrease armaments among all nations.

• Adjust colonial claims.

• Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence

Collective security vs. unilateralism

Collective security is based on the perspective of all together in a group against any of them, rather than on unilateral idea of some against specific others