Carbohydrates and Lipids (copy)

4 nonpolar bonds

hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate, amine

1. Lipids

2. DNA

3. Carbs

4. Proteins

Rings: Carbs

Multiple rings: steroids

Branched Chain: hexane (CH6)

Unbranched Chain: methan (CH4)

Monomer: building block of polymer

Polymer: chains of monomers connected through bonds

When you add H2O to create a bond (reactant)

form of anabolism

ATP

polypeptides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids

type of catabolic reaction: breaks down polymers using water

water is used to spilt linked molecules

anabolic: building up

catabolic: breaking down

1. two monosaccharides joining through a glycosidic linkage

2. glycogen storage

3. muscle anabolism

4. DNA synthesis

1. protein catabolism: breaking down proteins to amino acids

2. breakdown of fat in adipose tissue

3. glycosis

4. digestive system breaking down food

5. cellular resp.

monomer of carbohydrate

• Backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms.  Most common in biology are:

  • Pentoses = 5 carbon ring

  • Hexoses = 6 carbon ring

• Form ring structures when dissolved in water (hence in cells form ring structures since cells are mostly water)

• solubility

• good transportability

• stability

• energy yield from oxidation

since it had many hydroxyl groups, it can form hydrogen bonds with water (polar dissolves in polar)

since it is soluble in water, glucose is also soluble in blood

relatively stable. It does not readily undergo spontaneous chemical reactions, such as oxidation or hydrolysis, at a significant rate in the absence of enzymes.

when oxidized, through cellular respiration glucose creates ATP that fuels many body processes

Polymers of monosaccharides linked to form a chain.  The chain may be branched or unbranched, and it may contain different types of monosaccharides.

comes from plants, form of starch, a- glucose, no branches

very coily and wrapped

function: to hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds in starch molecules, converting complex carbohydrates to simple sugars

starch that is consumed by humans is digested by enzymes, such as salivary amylases, into smaller molecules, such as maltose and glucose

comes from plants, form of starch, a-beta glucose, branches

function: amylopectin has as its main function to store glucose for later use as an energy source

storage form of carbohydrates in humans and other vertebrates.

comes from animals, a- glucose, branches

blood glucose levels increase (i.e. after eating), glucose is stored as glycogen

When blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is digested to release glucose into the blood so the cells can continue doing cellular respiration.

saves up space and makes it insoluble

Glucose monomers are linked together through condensation reactions to form polysaccharides like starch (builds energy stores)

However, the hydroylsis of alpha glucose is seen here:

glycogen is digested to release glucose into the blood so the cells can continue doing cellular respiration.

and

digested by enzymes, such as salivary amylases, into smaller molecules, such as maltose and glucose. The cells can then absorb the glucose for use in cellular respiration.

alpha has hydroxyl on bottom, while beta is on top

Does not branch and packed in tight chains that form h.bonds and make cellulose stronger.

this provides structural support to the cell.

Since lipids are non-polar, it cannot dissolve in water

Fats: solid at room temp

Oils: liquid at room temp.

Both store energy, insulate us and protect our vital organs.

• Slower to build up and break down than carbs

Both triglycerides!: three fatty acids and one glycerol

Waxes: Form waterproof structures and coatings

• Composed of long hydrocarbon chains and are strongly hydrophobic

• Highly saturated (few to no C=C) 

• Solid at room temperature

Steroids: multiple rings tied together and are chemical messangers in endocrine system

glycerol has three pairs of hydroxyl groups while the fatty acids have hydrogen. these two things combine in a condensation reaction and water is produced to bind them together

Formed by attachment of two fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol.

• long hydrocarbon chain of varying length

• with a COOH group (“carboxyl”) at one end

• and a CH₃ (“methyl”) group at the other end.

single bonds only

solid at room temp and come from animal sources

very straight

Since the fatty acids are straight, the fat molecules can pack together tightly, forming a solid at room temperature

double bonds can be seen

liquid at room temp and are often from plants

the double bonds in the fatty acids creates bends in the molecule. These can’t pack together as tightly, resulting in a lower melting point. 

Adipose tissue, otherwise known as body fat, is a connective tissue that extends throughout your body

insulates the body from extreme temperatures, cushions vital organs, and secretes hormones and biological factors

low thermal conductivity, which means that it does not transfer heat as well as other tissues and materials—such as muscle or skin. That way, it helps to insulate an animal's body. (fat storing tissue)

1. low water content: since water doesn’t have to triglycerides, more energy can be compacted with ease

2. high energy density- twice as much energy compared to carbs (9 to 4)

3. slow metabolism- energy cannot be released

4. insulation and protection- stored in adipose tissue and this tissue protects organs and maintains energy

5. lightweight storage- stored in lipid droplets that take up little cellular space

Cis: Naturally occurring 

• Hydrogen atoms are "on the same side” of the C=C bond

• Causes a kink in the fatty acid chain

Trans:

• Are not found in nature and are the result of human food processing 

• Hydrogen atoms are "on the opposite side" of the C=C bond

• Causes a straight(er) fatty acid chain

top is cis, bottom is trans