COMPSCI 1101 ( SIR JAN) ( 2ND TERM)

5 types of Operators

• Assignment • Arithmetic • Relational • Logical • Special

is an syntactically correct combinations of operands and operators.

Expression

They both have a TYPE and VALUE

Operators and Expressions

Two basic types of arithmetic operators:

Unary and Binary

An operator that only requires one operand

Unary Operator

An operator that requires two operands

Binary Operator

There are only _____ arithmetic operator, and ______ arithmetic operators.

1 unary, 5 binary

Rules which determine precisely how expressions are evaluated

Rules of Precedence and Associativity

Terms which are always evaluated first

Expressions within the Parenthesis ( )

In ______ , all decimal portions of numbers are lost (or truncated).

Integer Arithmetic

Evaluates an arithmetic expression consisting of an operator and two integer operands.

Integer Arithmetic

Characterized by : variable = expression

Assignment Operator

Basic operator in C

Equal sign (=)

Can be used more than once in an expression

Assignment Operator

An assumption on which tests the validity or effect of something else

Condition

Are used to represent true or false because there is no actual boolean or logical data type in C

Integers

An expression that is either true (represented by 1) or false (represented by 0)

Condition

Are used to test specific conditions and requires the use of two operands

Relational Operator

Operators such as: != == < > <= >=

Relational Operator

Relational Operators == and != are often referred to as-

Equality Operators

Connects two or more relational expressions into one or reverse the logic of an expression.

Logical Operators

represents a non-zero value (can be negative or positive numbers, float, character, string)

True

represents a zero value (integer or float value)

False

symbol used as an increment operator to increment or add 1 to the operand value

Double Plus Symbol (++)

value is first incremented and then used inside the expression

Pre-Increment Operator

value is first used in an expression and then incremented

Post-Increment Operator

increment and decrement operators are considered as _____ since they require only one operand

Unary Operator

symbol used as an decrement operator to decrement or subtract 1 to the operand value

Double Minus Symbol (--)

value is first decremented and then used inside the expression

Pre-Decrement Operator

value if first used in an expression and then decremented

Post-Decrement Operator

operators used in special situations

Special Operator

5 types of special operator

Reference Operator Dereference Operator SizeOf Operator Ternary Operator Comma Operators

returns the address of the variable

Reference Operator

symbol used as a reference operator

&

returns the value of a variable pointed by the specified pointer

Dereference Operator

symbol used as a dereference operator

*

used to determine or compute the operand's size in bytes

SizeOf Operator

the size of int data type in the TurboC application, as it is a 16-bit-based application

2 bytes

the size of int data type in today's compilers (e.g., MinGW GCC Compiler)

4 bytes

size of char data type

1 byte

size of float data type

4 bytes

size of double data type

8 bytes

helps on creating a short way of writing conditional statements

Ternary Operator

syntax of ternary operator

condition ? S1 (True) : S2 (False)

comma can be used as a ____ or as a ____

Separator, Operator

has the least precedence of all C operators

Comma Operator

returns the rightmost value of an expression but first evaluate the rest of the expressions and discard their values

Comma Operator

way of converting one datatype to another

Type Conversion

automatically done by the compiler

Implicit Type Conversion

in the implicit type conversion, datatypes in the expression will be converted into the ________ datatype used within the expression

Largest

basic datatype upgrade sequence (least to greatest)

char -> int -> float -> double

specifies on which datatype to be converted

Explicit Type Conversion

explicit type conversion is also called as _______

Type Casting

There are three (3) basic classifications of statements in C, and actually, there are very few statements of each type.

PROGRAM STATEMENTS

(3) basic classifications of statements in C,

Primitives Decisions Loops

3 type of Primitive statements

Null Statement Simple Statement Compound Statement

- is made up of a null expression followed by a semicolon. - a null expression is an empty expression ( ; )

Null Statement

- Expression and function call statements expression; function_call();

Simple Statement

- or also called as block is formed by placing more than one statement inside curly braces ({}). { statement; statement; }

Compound Statement

Conditional branches - make decision before branching: and its 2 type

Decision Statements Single-decision branch Multi-decision branch

Single-decision branch - ____

- if/else

Multi-decision branch

– switch/case

Decision statements are actually part of a larger category statements known as ??

branches

2 kinds of branch statements?

Conditional branches Unconditional branches

involves making one or more decisions before branching, and are thus referred to as single-decision or multi-decision branches.

Conditional branches

direct branches which involve no decision. The goto statement is an example of an unconditional branch.

Unconditional branches

The___ statement is a conditional, single-decision branch.

if

The if statement has the general format of ?

if(expression) statement;

IF STATEMENTS may be a ____ statement or ___ statement.

simple compound

it allows you to check between multiple test expressions and execute different statements.

IF ELSE IF STATEMENTS

a conditional, multi-decision branch. The previous example of successive comparison of equality or value of the operand is so common in programming, a special construct exist in C to handle such comparison.

SWITCH-CASE STATEMENTS

____ is evaluated and its value is compared.

Expression

The expression and the constant compared against must be an _____ constants or expressions. They may NOT contain variables.

integer or character

The default case is optional, but if it exists there can be ____. It may occur anywhere in the list of case clauses but usually occur at the end

only one

One of the fundamental properties of a computer is its ability to repetitively execute a set of statements.

ITERATIVE STATEMENTS

These looping capabilities enable the programmer to develop concise programs containing repetitive processes that could otherwise require thousands of program statements to perform.

ITERATIVE STATEMENTS

C contains three looping constructs:

The while statement The for statements The do/while statements

The _____ statements may be described as test-before-execute. If the controlling condition results initially to a zero or false value, the body of the loop is never executed.

while and for

The ____statement on the other hand may be considered as execute-before-test. The body of the loop is always executed at least once.

do-while

The _____is used to execute a statement as long as a condition remains true. with a syntax of While (expression){ //statement }

while loop

The conditional expression, of course, may be a _____ or ____.

relational or arithmetic

_____ is usually used when the number of times the loop must be executed is not known in advance.

while loop

The ____ is generally used for counted loops.

for statement

The ______ will execute a statement and then evaluate a conditional expression.

do-while loop

The statements____ and ___ are used to interrupt the normal flow of loops and the switch statement.

break AND continue

The ____ is similar to the break statement, except it does not cause the loop to terminate. Rather it causes the loop to be continued.

continue statement

The ____ causes the flow of the program to branch to the statement immediately following the appropriate label.

goto statement

A _____is a name that is formed with the same rules in identifiers and must be immediately followed by a colon.

label

The _____ interrupts the normal sequential flow of a program, without involving a decision.

goto statement

Since goto statement is an example of _____ it is difficult to use without the help of conditional branch statements.

unconditional branch

We can properly use goto statements by using some of the _____to avoid infinite looping execution.

conditional branches