Studied by 10 peopleDescribe the climate of shifting cultivation regions
low-latitude “tropics”, humid, high temperatures, abundant rainfall, tropical rainforests
Provide examples of regions in which shifting cultivation is practiced
Amazon, sub-Saharan Africa, \n Indonesian islands, inland SE Asia
How much of the world’s land and population participates in shifting cultivation?
25% world land area, 5% of population involved in production
How is land cleared in shifting cultivation?
“slash and burn” cutting and crop rotational practices
Consequences of shifting cultivation
No new plant growth, quick fertility loss, leaching from constant rainfall
What crops are produced by shifting cultivation?
It varies by region
What are the effect of modernization on shifting cultivation?
Declining land area for farming, more commercial agriculture than other things, destruction of rainforests,
swidden, milpa, lading
terms for an area cleaed for planting
Where is pastoral nomadism practiced?
North Africa, SW Asia, Central Asia, W. China, \n Mongolia
What climate is typically seen in areas where pastoral nomadism is practiced?
arid, semi-arid regions, marginal (unused) regions
Is the movement involved in pastoral nomadism random?
Noo- based on territoriality
True or false: nomadism is a misnomer
True; migration is routine and based on knowledge of the land,
Transhumance
transitioning from one latitude to another to allow for more grazing opportunities
In pastoral nomadism, herders obtain grain from sedentary \n farmers in exchange for
land or supplies
What is cultivated through pastoral nomadism?
animals depend on region (camels in the Sahara, yaks in the \n Himalayas, cattle in Kenya)
What are the effects of modernization upon pastoral nomadism?
nomads no longer serve roles as messengers and informants, government has taken large portions of land for recreational use
are the animals involved in pastoral nomadism typically eaten?
No; they are a source of power and wealth
What are the two types of intensive subsistence farming?
rice, non-rice
What type of climate is needed for intensive, subsistence rice farming?
rainy, subtropical
What type of climate is needed for intensive, subsistence (not-rice) farming?
harsh and dry
Where is subsistence, intensive rice farming found?
SE China, Philippines, Coastal \n India, Ganges River Valley
Where is subsistence, intensive not-rice farming found?
North China, inland SE Asia, \n Andes mountains, Central America, Fertile \n Crescent/Turkey, East/Central Africa
Where is intensive, subsistence farming found?
areas with high populations and agricultural densities, areas with little mechanization
Describe the labor force in subsistence, intensive farming
many farmers, small plots, little land is wasted, little grazing
Other than rice, what kinds of crops does intensive, subsistence farming produce?
wheat, barley, millet, corn, soybeans
Effects of modernization on intensive subsistence farming
increased use of fertilizers, mechanization, western farming techniques, more debt to suppliers
what is used to grow rice?
swadahs or rice paddies, which are flooded, flat land, teraced hillsides, crop rotation
How does crop rotation help the soil?
It deters exhaustion
Plantation farming climate
depeends based on luxury crops
Where is plantation farming found?
Central America, Colombia, Guianas, coastal \n Brazil, Mississippi delta, Kenya, Java, Eastern \n Madagascar, Sri Lanka, NE Australia
What kind of land is used for plantation farming?
large estates, sparsely populated, owned by MDC corporations, LDC
Describe the people involved in plantation farming?
LDC populations, many children, males are absent from family life, men engage in risky situations
Crops produced by plantation farming
cash/luxury crops, coffee, tea, rubber, tobacco, sugarcane, \n cotton
Effects of modernization on plantation farming:
switching to cash crops decreases food supply in LDC’s, native growers earn minimum cash
What is special about plantation farming?
It’s the only type of commercial farming found in LDC’s
Where is dairy farming found?
In the milk shed- closest ring outside urban center, northern part of midlatitudes, close proximity to stores due to high perishability
In what parts of the world can one see dairy farming?
Europe = NW, Alps, USA = NE, Great Lakes, Upper \n Midwest, Pacific NW. SW Australia
Decribe the labor involved in dairy farming…
labor-intensive due to need for constant attention
Describe the primary complication with dairy farming
Finding feed during the winter
Products produced by dairy farming
dairy products
Effects of modernization on dairy farming
milkshed expansion due to refrigeration and preservatives, now produced in LDC’s primarily
Where is mixed crop and livestock found?
US between Appalachians and just west of Mississippi River \n (Iowa = center of the “Corn Belt”), North European Plain (between France and Russia), Japan, Transvaal in South Africa
What is farmer is Dutch?
Boer
What is most of the land involved in mixed crop and livestock devoted to?
feed growth, and is fertilized by livestock manure
What are the main crops in mixed crop and livestock?
corn and soybeans
The effects of modernization of mixed crop and livestock
crop rotation is used, less fields less sallow
Where does most of the profit for mixed crop and livestock come from?
livestock sales
Where is grain farming conducted?
areas too dry for other productions, milder winters,
Where around the world is grain farming found?
N. America = Winter-wheat belt, KS, CO, OK, Dakotas, Montana, Saskatchewan, Pampas (SE South America in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil), Ukraine, Russia steppe, Australia
Describe the grain farmng process
heavily mechanized, extensive land use, large farms
Descrie the grain farming labor force
not uniform, farmer may split year between farms in two \n different belts.
What crops are produced through grain farming?
wheat is world’s leading export, 1/2 comes from US and Canada
Effects of modernization on grain farming
crops now sold to manufacturers in MDC’s, US is the largest commercial producer of grains, now for human consumption rather than animal
LCDS
crop is directly consumed (subsistence wet rice not dominant)
Where is livestock ranching found?
Western US, Mexico, Australia
Ranching conflict with sedentary farmers:
Range wars, force ranchers into marginal MDC environments,
ranching in Australia, NZ (sheep), Europe, (Spain/Portugal), Pampas (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil)
follows similar pattern of isolation and \n decline due to competition for land with sedentary \n farming
Land involved in livestock ranching
Extensive in MDC’s, done in specialized parts, land area increased due to irrigation, lowering land costs and increasing farmer profit
What is produced through livestock ranching?
cattle and beef
Effects of modernization on livestock ranching
Cattle sent to fattening farms, CAFO’s, often located around highways and railroads, processing is no longer a independent process
CAFO’s:
concentrated animal feeding operation
What kind of land is involved in mediterranean farming?
typically on the western coast of land masses, particular climate, sea air, limited moisture, hilly terain
Where is meditteranean farming found?
Mediterranean coast, Southern California, Chile, \n South Africa and SW Australia
What kind of land is involved in mediterranean farming?
Dry and requiring massive irrigation,
What is a majority of mediterranean products devoted to?
Human consumption
What is produced through mediterranean agriculture?
olives, grapes, wheat, citrus fruit, tree nuts, desiduous fruit
How has modernization had an effect on mediterannean agriculture?
Loss of land due to competition with other types of agriculture
Horticulture
the growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers
Where is commercial gardening and fruit farming primarily found?
SE USA, areas with long growing seasons with \n access to large markets of east coast
Describe the labor force involved in commercial gardening and fruit farming production
Often undocumented workers due to the possibility of cheap labor, lots of mechanization use
What is produced through commercial gardening and fruit farming?
fresh produce for farmers markets, Apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes, some fresh some \n canned
Effects of modernization on commercial gardening and fruit farming:
Has spread to NE due to decline in dairy farming, has become a trend amongst the wealthier population
truck farming
another name for commercial gardening and fruit farming, as fresh produce is typically transported by way of truck
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