Unit 8: DNA Structure & Replication

Enzyme that splits the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

Enzyme that makes an RNA primer, serving as the starting point for DNA replication

Enzyme responsible for building the complementary DNA strand during replication

Enzyme that connects the gaps in the DNA strands by linking them together

Basic unit of DNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases (Guanine and Adenine) with two nitrogenous rings in their structure

Nitrogenous bases (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil) with one nitrogenous ring in their structure

Technique used by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins to capture images of DNA's structure in the 1950s

Proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, incorporating data from X-ray crystallography

Demonstrated that DNA, not protein, carries genetic information by labeling bacteriophages and observing their replication

Single strand binding proteins, holds strands apart during DNA replication

Removies RNA primers

Connects gaps after RNA primer is removed and DNA is put in

G/C

C/T/U

Deoxyribose sugar

Phosphate group, a sugar, and nitrogenous base

Structural component of ribosomes

used in transcription of polypeptides

deals with the actual building of polypeptides

Characteristic that is inherited

Deoxyribonucleic acid

ability of trait to be passed from one generation to the next

DNA codes RNA which codes for building proteins

section of DNA that codes a protein

Carries out instruction of the cell

process of copying a sequencce of DNA into messenge

mRNA is converted into a polypeptide (a part of a protein)

Long chains of nucleic acids, pre-cursors to proteins

Where transcription happens

Where translation happens

One DNA molecule (packaged form)

Sum of all genetic info in an orgganism

change in DNA sequence

First stage of transcription, the transcription factors assemble, and RNA polymerase is attached to template strand

Second stage of transcription, RNA polymerase travels 3’ —> 5’ on template strand, builds complimentary mRNA strand 5’ —> 3’

Final stage of transcription, RNA polymerase is released from template strand and stops building mRNA strand

First stage of translation, mRNA enters the assembled ribosomes

Second stage of translation.

A site: Aminocyl, tRNA brings new amino acid & anticodon bonds to the codon

P site: peptidyl, new amino acid is joined to polypeptide by dehydration synthesis

E site: tRNA releases amino acid, polypeptide exits the ribosome

Final stage of translation, polypeptides leaves ribosome after stop codon. No amino acid is added, polypeptide is added to other completed polypeptide.

UGA, UAG, UAA

Change in genetic code

codes for a different amino acid

Makes a stop codon, ends polypeptide in middle of the chain

Changes many amino acids

Doesn’t change any amino acids