Midterm review

removes water to bring things together

releases energy, adds water to break things apart

6-ring carbon (C6H12O6) monosaccharide

quick energy, used in Krebs Cycle/reactions with or without oxygen

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

linear chain of amino acids

chain folds, becomes 2D

continues to fold, 3D arrangement of polypeptide chains

sub-units join together

r-groups

the breaking down of an enzyme; caused by change in temp./PH

amino acids

following cards have the organelles in question ;)

central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure.

Covered in Ribosomes, produces proteins for cell.

tube-like structure near cell periphery, stores enzymes.

membrane bound, help remove waste in animals, maintain water balance in plants.

largest organelle,  It houses the genome, and through gene expression, it co-ordinates the activities of the cell.

gel-like fluid inside the cell, medium for chemical reactions, provides platform for other organelles to operate.

intercellular, made of RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

membrane bound, contains digestive enzymes

separates the interior of the cell from its environment. Semi permeable lipid bilayer, regulates materials entering/leaving cell

consists of fluid enclosed by lipid bilayer. Transport materials within cytoplasm

membrane bound, produces ATP

the endosymbiotic theory- multiple eukaryotic cells join into one and have a symbiotic relationship

breaks molecules down into smaller units, can be oxidized or used in anabolic reactions

constructs molecules from smaller units, requires energy (endergonic), building up

life-sustaining chemical reactions, converts food to energy

Enzyme must match active site in order to bond and form a reaction.

inhibitors bind to enzymes to prevent enzyme reactions (can be competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive)

Smaller size allows for more efficient transport across the cell.

balances levels of water and intracellular fluids to stabilize internal environment.

net movement from high concentration to low concentration

passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. Selective membrane chooses what can pass through

movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

Transport proteins along protein channel, creates conformational changes while moving across the membrane.

contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

taking in matter to form vacuole.

special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions

protein that is capable of pumping out compounds that could pose a threat to the cell

chemical reactions turning glucose to ATP

Converts light energy into food

same concentration of solutes as another solution across a semipermeable membrane.

having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. (hypo- low)

having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. (hyper- higher)

reception, transduction, response

a cell detects a signal in the environment

activating a series of proteins inside the cell from the cell membrane

change in behavior that occurs in the cell as a result of the signal (cells can choose whether or not to respond)

collect sunlight during the day and fix CO2 molecules (photosynthesize) at night

3 carbon compound

4 carbon compound, splits into a 3-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle

1. Glycolysis

2. Citric acid/Krebs cycle

3. ETC

4. oxidative phosphorylation

1. absorption of light

2. Transfer of electrons

3. ATP

4. Carbon fixation