GCSE History (Edexcel) - Migration

When did the Vikings Invade

789 AD

Why did Vikings Invade?

Economic:
1) Agricultural - the land in East Anglia was rich and fertile.
2. Trade - Many English towns were important trading centres in Europe.

Religious:
1) Odin - God of War - wanted to please him

When did the Normans invade England?

1066 AD

Why did the Normans invade?

Economic:
1) England's sophisticated taxation and coinage system
2) Feudal System - Gives protection (through armies/knights) and all land belongs to the King

Political
1) Promised the throne to William
2) England currently unstable after Edward died - opportunitistic

When did William invite Jewish people to England

1070 AD

Why did Jewish people migrate?

Religious:
1) Anti-semitism in Europe

Economic:
1) opportunity to economically prosper in England - invited by King William I in 1070
2) Became financiers to the king and England's nobility, some were able to make great wealth (as they were able to charge interest as they were not Christian

When did Low Countries and Lombardy start to migrate

1220 AD

Why did people from the Low Countries migrate?

Economic:
1) Black Death - more job opportunities available in England (40%-60% of population gone)
2) Good quality wool was being produced in England
3) Henry VIII in 1330 bans export of English wool (so weavers have to move to England)
4) Henry VIII allows Low countries weavers to set up their own guilds.

Political:
1) 100 years war - (1337 - 1453) - Low Countries work disrupted
2) Low Countries weavers Invited by Henry III in 1270AD

Why did bankers from Lombardy migrate?

Economic:
1) Growing towns and cities in England provided excellent opportunity for bankers.
2) They had heard of the success of Jewish moneylenders in England
3) after 1265 there was opportunity to become even more prosperous as they could legally charge interest and no longer had to pay a fine.

Political:
1) Henry III promised royal protection in 1220

Viking Experience - Harmony

- Trade locally and internationally
- Gave structure - set up 'Things', had fun and told Sagas, lived in Danelaw and adapted quickly, King Cnut allowed some Saxons positions of power
- England prospered - peaceful under Edgar and under the successor Edward the Confessor for a further 24 years
- Danes allowed Saxons to mint coins and circle them in Danelaw
- Many Dane's became Christians - worshipped alongside their gods

Viking experience - Conflict

- Alfred's son Edward and Athelstan fought campaigns to control Danelaw - A won 937
- Vikings raided to regain old Danelaw - Ethelred tried to pay them to keep them away
- St Brice's Day - 13 Nov 1002 - Ethelred massacred all the Danes in Enlgand's territory
- Viking attacks increased in response - 1013 Ethelred driven out and 1016 Dane Cnut became king

Normans experience - harmony

- Feudal system - gave land to supporters so was good for some
- Domesday book 1086 - land was marked and same tax as Edward the Confessor

Normans experience - Conflict

- Castles meant Normans could prevent rebellions and display power
- Feudal system - takes all the land for the Normans
- Danes left 1071
- 1068 - Exeter Siege - Normans won
- 1069-70 - Harrying of the North - Normans destroyed Saxon livelihood and homes as a warning

Jewish experience - harmony

- Helped businesses and trades flourish for many years
- Created Jewries - separate areas of towns and cities where Jews lived

Jewish experience - conflict

- Had to charge high interest- resentment from others
- Church taught against Jews - also blood libel and other false story propaganda
- 3rd Sep 1189 - Richard i coronation - mobs attacked Jewish parts of London (30 killed)
- 1265 - Pope allowed Christian bankers to charge usury - less needed
- 1218 - ordered to wear distinctive badge - stricter in 1253
- 1230s - Jews expelled from several towns
- 1265 - 500 killed in London
- 1275 - EI made law banning Jews collecting interest
- 1290 - EI ordered all Jews to convert to Christianity or leave - 3000 refused, most converted

Low Countries/ Lombardy - harmony

- Settled quickly - were skilled craftsmen which many needed
- Some worked with English people - teaching new techniques (eg Flemish brick makers)
- Weavers skilled and well received - lots of profit
- Merchants given royal protection - paid lower taxes and customs tariffs
- HIII sent letters to important banking families in Lombardy promising royal protection

Low Countries/ Lombardy - conflict

- Craft guilds believed migrants were taking their jobs & selling goods at a lower price - hostility
- 1381 - during peasants revolt 150 weavers/ merchants murdered
- People suspicious of of foreigners - worried could be dangerous
- 1492 - English attacked the Steelyard - burnt buildings and destroyed goods - where Hanseatic league (German merchants were based)

Viking impact

- Spoke old Norse - modern English contains many Norse words and grammatical/ word structures similar
- 'Things' can be argued to be foundation for trials/ democracy - punishments discussed and laws decided by voting
- Vikings divided area of Danelaw in 3 - gradually changed to North, East, West Riding - administrative areas until 1974
- Women had equal rights - could own and inherit land, speak at 'Things'

Norman impact

- William took over chancery and appointed N. chancellors
- William used Domesday book to help improve Edwards taxation system which he kept
- William appointed N. sheriffs to pre-existing shires - land owners made decisions in all shire courts - soon would all be Norman
- Castles, Cathedrals, Monasteries, Abbeys, Churches all built
- North - villages been destroyed and nothing grew in burnt fields
- William rep,aced all but 1 of 16 Saxon Bishops with Normans - hierarchy constructed (Archbishop at top)
- By 1200 - all brick churches stone
- Old French came together with pre existing language - Norman first names more common (eg Richard, Robert)
- Forest laws protected W's hunting - severe poaching punishments
- Mundrum - law enforced fine any hundred fined for murder where suspect not caught

Jewish Impact

- Monarch's borrowed their money - did not have to raise taxes/demand money from barons
- Jews heavily taxed with punishments for not paying - some loans never repaid
- Lent money to locals for businesses
- Lent money to merchants for trade overseas, and some became merchants - created wealth
- Lent money to Cistercian monks - built fountains abbey
- Colleges built with the money (eg Merton College)
- students pawned books to J.Pawn brokers to cover expenses
- worked as tutors fro students studying Hebrew text
- Ruthlessly expelled - 1290

Low Countries/ Lombardy Impact

- Helped transformed economy from primary to secondary
(Primary - based on raw materials)
(Secondary - changes raw materials to manufactured goods)
- Crown grew richer from taxes on imports/ exports of goods
- England became a key European trading centre (clothe)
- Lombardy banker's financial skills - began to turn London into an international financial market

Case study - York - Why?

- Largest town in Britain - only mint in Northern English
- Extremely wealthy - captured York 866
- Roads/rivers made it easy to travel fast
- Important trading city
- Lots of rich, fertile soil for farming because of rivers

Case study - York - Migrants

- 10,000-15,000 Vikings migrated 866-950
- Many cultures - Vikings mixed with migrants and merchants from Germany, modern day Holland, Ireland and Scotland
- Built small homes and workshops, thatch and whittle, later timber

Case study - York - Trade

- Street names show variety of trade
- Skilled craftwork - helped increase English trade paper across the world
- Began to use coins with king's name
- Was a rich trading point - traders travelled as far as Caspian Sea, traded for imports of wines, silks, oils/perfume etc
- Had excellent road connections to rest of E.
-Timber, wool, iron ore, food etc brought to cities on roads

Case study - York - Church

- Important land owner in York, but financially poor - lost land to the Vikings
- Active in settlement, many Vs converted to Christianity
- Archbishops involved in negations with other kingdoms, may even have helped choose Viking Kings
- Most coins after 900 had Chr. symbols, however pagan symbols were shown and Latin spelling errors

Case Study - York - End of Viking/ Dane control

- 927 - Athelstan conquered large parts of York and A.Saxons ruled until 939 - no sign of changes
- 939 - Athelstan's death - Northumbrian's wanted a 'Northern leader' - agreement to set border between Land owned by Vs and A.Saxons
- Wars continued for next 15 years - last of V York driven out by A.Saxons - however still had Danish influence

1500-1700 - Changes in gov

- Parliament had more power
- Charles I executed in 1649 - O.Cromwell ruled republic England for 11 years
- 1660 - Charles II invited by gov to rule - limited power

- Religion changes with gov, migrants allowed/ not depending on religion and gov.

1500-1700 - Changes in religion and impacts

- 1500 - Catholic
- 1534 - Henry 8th splits - Church of England
- Edward VI 47-53 - Protestant
- Mary Tudor 53-58 - Roman Catholic
- Elizabeth I - Protestant

- Migration to avoid persecution
- England place of safety when Protestant

1500-1700 - Changes in economy

- Trading link with rest of the world
- E I (1600) - East India Trading Company - links with India
- C II (1600) - Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa - gold, silver, slaves

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Huguenots

- Skilled workers - create wealth for William III to wage war with France
- 1700 - Relief committee raises £64,713 to help resettlement - WIII and wife donated over half

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Palatines

- 1709 - Poor farmers experience bad harvest
- Londoners raised £20000 for refugees and MPs donated to charity by Queen Anne

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Jewish people

- Englands economy was weak after the civil war - Jewish skilled workers wanted by Cromwell

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - African people

- 1440s - Portuguese merchants brought back slaves to Europe - Escaped/worked to freedom and migrated
- Great chain of being (English society) - Society dictated by wealth not skin colour

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Indian people

- 1600 - EI sets up East India Company
- 1608 - first EIC ships leaves for India
- 1613-1690 - trading posts/factories in Surat, Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata
- Arrive in England as Nannies, servants, and sailors on EIC boats - employed by the officers

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Dutch workers

- 1630 - CI invites Dutch drainage and embankment engineer to drain fens in EA - brought Dutch workers

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Flemish weavers

- 1561 - Town of Sandwich invites them to live in town for 'men of knowledge' and boost economy
- 25 Flemish households, 407 migrants

1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Walleons

- 1575 - Inspired by Sandwich - Canterbury invites weavers
- 100 households, 750 migrants

1500-1700 - Political Causes - Huguenots

- 1681 - CII offers Denizen - right to live in England with certain rights of citizenship
- WIII invited to take throne by Parliament from (Catholic) James II

1500-1700 - Political Causes - Palatines

- Wars between German states - Migration to America after English Caroline company advertised it in Germany

1500-1700 - Political Causes - Jewish People

- 1655 - Cromwell allows to let J to return after 1290 royal expulsion

1500-1700 - Political Causes - African people

- Catherine of Aragon brings over women as part of her court

1500-1700 - Religous Causes - Huguenots

- St Bartholomew Day Massacre - 1572 - Catholic king killing Huguenots
- 1685 - Edict of Nantes 1598 revoked - forced to become Catholic - 1680s saw 40000-50000 arrive
- 1689 - WIII invites to Huguenots to strengthen Protestant presence in England

1500-1700 - Religous Causes - Palatines

- 1709 - Foreign Protestants Naturalisations act (FNPA) allowed Protestants to live in England with full rights if swore loyalty to the crown

1500-1700 - Religous Causes - Jewish people

- Puritan Cromwell allowed Jewish in to 'save them' - wanted them to convert
- 1648-58 - 100000+ Jewish murdered in Khmelnylsky uprising in Poland/ Ukraine
- European anti-Semitic actions common
- Cromwell allowed Jewish people to build synagogues - March 1656

1500-1700 - Religous Causes - African people

- 1568 - Rebellion of Alpujarras - failed against Catholics in Granada - Balck Muslim Spaniards arrive

1500-1700 - Religous Causes - Walloons

- Persecuted in the Netherlands by Spanish

1500-1700 - Huguenots Experience - Harmony

- Range of skills so able to find work (finance, weaving, goods)
- Many joined businesses of friends/family or set up own
- William III supported them for many years - declaration had royal support
Henri De Portal
- 1705 - arrives in Southampton
- 1718 - opened own paper making mill
- 1724 - won monopoly for manufacturing paper used by Bank of England

1500-1700 - Huguenots Experience - Conflict

- Some desperately poor - took to petty crime

1500-1700 - Palatines Experience - Harmony

- 1714 - Sir Thomas Southwell uses own money/land to settle 130 families in his estates - others similar

1500-1700 - Palatines Experience - Conflict

- Mainly agricultural labourers - only general far, labour available
- Sep 1709 - 3000 deported to Ireland - poor land quality and hated by Catholic majority
- 3000 sail to New York - Many die on route, from typhoid and immigrant hating mobs

1500-1700 - Jewish Experience - Harmony

- 1644 - Gates of Hope - boy's school for poor boys paid by synagogue funds
- 1657 - Solomon Dormide 1st to trade on Royal Exchange
- 1701 - Bevis Marks - larger synagogue
- 1730 - Villa Real - Girls school
- Mendes de Costa family - successful bankers

1500-1700 - Jewish Experience - Conflict

-1700 - 1000 Jews in society dependent on richer people
- Ashenki Jewish arrive in large numbers
- Relief system used by others pretending for help
- Antisematism - could not go to uni, poor rep in media, depicted as criminals

1500-1700 - Gypsies Experience - Harmony

- 1554 - Mary I allowed them to stay (if stayed in one place)
- 1562 - EI allowed them to become English subjects (if stayed in one place)

1500-1700 - Gypsies Experience - Conflict

- 1530 - HIII leave or be deported
- 1554 & 1562 - only if they remained in one place
- Hangings from 1577 - 95
- 1650s - forced transportation to North America and Caribbean

1500-1700 - African Experience - Harmony

- 1590s - Edward Swarthye - Porter at Wynter's manor
- 1545 - Mary Rose sank & Jacques Francis helped salvage goods
- 1687 - John Blanke - was a trumpeter for HVIII - shown in tapestry

1500-1700 - African Experience - Conflict

- 1700 - Harry Johnson advertised as purchasable slave
- 1700s - 15 yo slave ran - reward for return issued

1500-1700 - Asian Experience - Conflict

- Indian Child servants are status symbols

1500-1700 - Flemish Experience - Harmony

- 1568 - 1/3 of Sandwich born abroad
- Flemish farmers introduced celery for 1st time
- 1572 - EI visits town with celebration

1500-1700 - Flemish Experience - conflict

- 1581 - can only work in cloth/fishing by EI - appealed in 82 - got permission
- 1582 - 45 families leave for other opportunities

1500-1700 - Walloons Experience - Harmony

- 800 looms by end of century - 1676 1000+ looms
- New trades eg silk dying, diamond cutting, sugar refining
- Communities 12 elders worked closely with city authorities
- Community grew rapidly - 1595 - 1/3 city
- 1588 helped prep defences against possible Spanish invasion

1500-1700 - Impacts - Culture

- Mostly affected rich
- Reading more important - improved communications
- 1500 - 5 Printers - all European - brought new ideas
- Huguenots - silk industry popular among rich
- Vergil - priest sent by Pope 1502 - wrote 26 history books used in schools however extremely biased
- Hans Holbein, Anthony Van Dyke, Peter Lely - famous migrant painters
-Art became famous - helped diversity

1500-1700 - Impacts - Language

- Huguenots brought new words (surnames, fabric names, road names)
- Jewish migrants - words related to the religion became more well known as communities grow

1500-1700 - Impacts - Economy

- Huguenots boosted cloth trade - new techniques, boosted fashion industry (silk in higher classes)
- Huguenots iron workers helped develop steel industry, started paper industry
- 123 Huguenots provided 10% of 1.2 million Bank of E - 7 of 25 directors H.
- Huguenots knew about investment and national debt - money used to expand empire
- Jewish migrants families Hart and Frank family wealthy - helped employ many
- Moses Hart one of the 12 'Jew brokers' allowed to trade on royal exchange
-Jews Suasso and Solomon de Medina supported monarchs and noblemen

1500-1700 - Impacts - Geography

- -Dutch workers descended in Fens and worked 1630s - Cornelius invited by CI to drain Fens
- Dutch workers straightened rivers and dug ditches, embankments and sluices, made dams, windmills, pumps - 1642 40000 acres drained for agricultural land
- Fen tigers tried to sabotage work as lost their livelihood
- Fens changed to Farmland, Landscape, Crops, Oil mills, Lakes - most of which used in trade

1500-1700 - Impacts - Governance

- Jewish had contracts to supply army with equipment
- Funded William III 'Glorious Revolution' (Suasso)
- Printing meant reading and writing became more important - church lost control with new ideas shared
- 1535 - 2/3 in book trade were Europeans - HVIII imposed restrictions on foreigners

1500-1700 - Impacts - Religion

- Church no longer had control of literary spread in the country
- Huguenots helped bring tolerance - allowed their own churches
- Moses Hart helped built first Great Synagogue- felt he had to lose some identity to be English (trimmed beard and did not wear head covering)
- Huguenots - more tolerance

1700-1900 - Reasons - Economical

- 1750-1850 Industrial revolution - coal, textiles, manufactured goods
- 1800s - larger industrial towns (Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester)
- Population grew 5 million to 32.5 million
- New docks - better trade - Britain used it's empire for materials
- Sugar from British owned plantations made merchants rich

1700-1900 - Reasons - Political

- 1832 Reform Act - gave vote to more men owning property/paying high rents and MPs to larger towns
- 1829 - Catholic Emancipation Act - allowed Catholics almost all rights of Protestants
- 1830s - Restriction lifted on Jews (1858 - Jewish could become MPs)
- 1807- Slave trade abolished
- 1833 - British Empire forbidden

1700-1900 - Reasons - Transport

- Improved Roads - 1840s network of roads ran from London to all major cities
- 1820s - canal networks linked all manufacturing sights
- 1830 - Liverpool to Manchester railroad
- 1900 - 5 major railroad companies operated 22000 miles of track
- Railroads from Bristol to New York and Liverpool to Australia

1700-1900 - Reasons - Internal migrants

- Higher wages in London
- Evicted - 10000 tenant farmers and families
- More exciting culture

1700-1900 - Reasons - Irish Migrants

- Potato famine 1845&46 - food prices rise and crop destroyed
- 1 million die from starvation and 2 million forced to migrate
- Belfast is only industrialised city - little jobs, poverty high
- Poverty high among Catholics - Catholic Emancipation Act in England 1829
- 1815 - population rise
- Dublin close to Liverpool - had strong links to America

1700-1900 - Reasons - Jewish Migrants

- Established communities - Whitechapel & Spitalfields - 1888 - 40%
- Fleeing Russian Empire persecution
- Jobs & Jewish free school
- Politics - 1855 first Jewish London mayor, 1858 first Jewish MP

1700-1900 - Reasons - African

- Transatlantic slave trade - forced migration - 1807, 3.2 million
- Royal African Company - founded by CII and powerful figures invested

1700-1900 - Reasons - Asian Migrants

- Education opportunities - attending unis after 1857
- Indian Princes forced out by EIC with riches
- 1700 - Indian servants migrated with colonial families - status symbol
- Recruited by EIC (Lascars) - poor conditions and wages

1700-1900 - Reasons - German

- Avoid war between German states
- British economy and strength and political freedom - skilled migrants
- Political activists and thinkers had greater freedoms

1700-1900 - Reasons - Italian

- Avoid warfare between states joining
- Changes in agriculture cause poverty
- British healthier - severe outbreaks of Typhus and Cholera

1700-1900 - Jewish experience - harmony

- Worked in clothing, shoes, furniture - no specialised equipment
- Despite Jack the Ripper, drew attention to fix slums

1700-1900 - Jewish experience - conflict

- Leaders wanted them to learn English way
- House cramped with many generations
- Sweatshop workers worked long hours in bad conditions - little pay
- Believed Jewish we're dangerous and stealing jobs - increase attacks
- Believed Jack the Ripper was Jewish - Suspicious on Schochetim - ritual slaughterers

1700-1900 - African experience - harmony

- In theory free - no laws stating their position
- During American Independence war - many fought for Britain and offered freedom
- 1786 - Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor - set up to provide food and clothes
- Communities began to grow
- African sailors migrated - recruited to work in boiler rooms

1700-1900 - African experience - conflict

- Many that came after American war could not find work - begging
- Relief committee sent people back to Africa - stopped providing help
- Sailors willing to work in poorer conditions

1700-1900 - Asian experience - harmony

- Ayahs travelled with families from India - return ticket usually included
- Mid 19th - English women started hostel for abandoned Ayahs
- Lascars hired by EIC for ships found work in ports
- Hostels opened for destitute Lascars

1700-1900 - Asian experience - conflict

- Some Ayahs not given tickets - left to fend for themselves - many destitute
- Organisations wanted to convert Ayahs/ Lascars to Christianity
- Some Lascars abandoned in ports

1700-1900 - German experience - harmony

- Population spread across Britain
- Engineers and scientists set up small companies that prospered
- Smaller business set up also

1700-1900 - German experience - conflict

- Free thinkers (Freidrich Engels, Karl Marx) part of working class mass protest movements

1700-1900 - Irish experience - harmony

- Working as a Navvie hard and dangerous but had employment
- Many joined the army

1700-1900 - Irish experience - conflict

- Navvie job hard and dangerous - killed injured, poverty
- Lots of migrants put strain on city systems - disease spread, crowded housing
- Prejudice with work, religion, tension, wages etc.

1700-1900 - Italian experience - harmony

- Worked as street musicians - tricks, hurdy-gurdy, tamed monkeys
- Did hard work English did not want (eg laying asphalt)
- Developed skills from Italy - ceramics
- Small ice cream businesses able to develop in cities

1700-1900 - Italian experience - conflict

- Many street musicians young boys forced by gang masters
- Most farmers had to find new occupations
- General prejudices from the people

1700-1900 - Political Impact - African

- 1787 - Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade formed
- 18th Century - wrote about their experiences - essential for movement success
- Fear of riots, parliamentary campaign also important

1700-1900 - Political Impact - Irish

- Chartism - working class mass protest movement - members disappointed with reform act
- Feargus O'Connor - MP who became Chartist Leader

1700-1900 - Political Impact - German

- Karl Marx migrated with radical views - worked with Engels on communist manifesto

1700-1900 - Economic Impact - Irish

- After famished thousands travelled to Liverpool
- Took ships to America - expensive however
- Eventually dominated jobs at docks, opened own businesses, worked as Railway Navvies
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1700-1900 - Economic Impact - Italian

- Worked as Navvies, railways and canals meant better trade
- Ice cream became popular business

1700-1900 - Economic Impact - German

- Reuter created telegraph system to get info quick to sell to newspapers - set up news agency
- Many set up companies - chemists, scientists etc

1700-1900 - Economic Impact - Jewish

- Involved in clothing trade
- Russian Jew Michael Marks joined by Tom Spencer to make Marks and Spencer's - still successful internationally

1700-1900 - Cultural Impact - Irish

- Social areas for Irish appeared in Liverpool - pubs, Catholic Parishes
- Scouse accent in Liverpool comes from Irish
- descendants involved in culture - John Lennon and Paul McCartney
- Roads named after Irish areas

1700-1900 - Cultural Impact - Asian

- Indian community grew in Liverpool - Mosque opened 1890
- Oldest Chinatown in Europe in Liverpool
- Chinese shops and cafes became common

1900-Present - Reason - Political

- 1918 - some women given voting rights
- 1948 - NHS created - meant more jobs and free healthcare
- Worker's rights - 1970 Equal pay Act, 1998 National Minimum wage act, 2010 - Equality act
- Immigration - 1905 Aliens Act, 1965 Race relations Act
- 1975 - Joined EU - affected legislation and population movement

1900-Present - Reason - Economic

- World wars demand increase in army supplies - industrial
- Aeroplanes and large turbine ships more common - trade faster around the world
- 1980s - many businesses closed because of cheaper global competition

1900-Present - Reason - Global/Empire

- Soldiers from empire flight on side of Britain in world wars
- After WW2 Empire countries gained independence
- Commonwealth set up 1926 - by 2010, 54 member states