Studied by 2 peopleVygotsky says little about how
________basic motor, perception, attention, memory, and problem- solving skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes.
Piaget called children’s self- directed utterances
________egocentric speech.
Teachers guide children’s learning with
________ explanations, demonstrations, and verbal prompts.
Children are more likely to use private speech for
________ self- guidance when tasks are within their zone of proximal development, or range of mastery.
Vygotsky’s largest contribution
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
a sensitive process of providing the support that helps the child learn what is just out of reach of his abilities
Vygotsky viewed private speech as self-talk
the foundation for higher cognitive processes
Children with varying abilities engage in
peer collaboration, working together in groups
In a study, researchers increased the difficulty of a problem-solving task. Private speech rose as
the task became moderately difficult, then declined as it became highly difficult.
Private speech/self-talk is used more and over a longer period by
children with learning problems
Bruner further developed Vygostky’s concept of the ZPD to describe
what the adult does to help children learn.
Once the child understands, the scaffolding is
no longer needed, and the child can now carry out the task independently
Vygotsky believed
all learning and ideas begin in the social world.
Central to Vygotsky’s theory is the idea that
children learn through the process of social collaboration with someone who is more knowledgeable than they are.
Bruner borrowed the engineering concept of
a scaffold, which is designed to support the construction of a building and applied it to teaching.
Private speech/self-talk is used more when
tasks are appropriately challenging
A challenge to Vygotsky’s ideas is that verbal dialogues are
not the only means through which children learn
With age, private speech/self-talk is
internalized as silent, inner speech
New research shows private speech/self-talk has
benefits in regards to regulation
Since learning is collaborative and social-based according to this view, Vygotsky also considers
cultural differences
Note
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