AP Euro Unit 8 Vocab

An art movement from the 1940s to the late 1960s, inspired by surrealism and influenced by World War II. It emphasized broad brushstrokes and spontaneous action.

Leader of the National Socialist Party (Nazi) in Germany during World War II, associated with the Holocaust and known for his distinctive mustache.

Renowned physicist known as the "Father of Quantum Physics" and contributed to the development of the atomic bomb.

An alliance between Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union during World War II, opposing the Axis powers.

A policy followed by the United States from 1939 to 1941, characterized by a reluctance to engage in foreign conflicts. The Neutrality Acts were passed to avoid involvement in European conflicts due to public sentiment and the economic depression.

An ideology advocating for the abolition of government and social institutions seen as oppressive.

Prejudice, hatred, and distrust targeted towards Jewish people, which became widespread during the 20th century due to extreme nationalist sentiments.

A strategy of pacifying aggressive nations, such as fascist states, to avoid conflict and another war.

Italy (Benito Mussolini), Germany (Adolf Hitler), and Japan (Hirohito) during World War II. Other countries, including Romania, Finland, Thailand, and Bulgaria, later joined the Axis powers.

A diverse region in southeastern Europe known for its ethnic and cultural complexity.

The Bauhaus Movement, which existed from 1919 to 1933 in Germany, was a pioneering artistic and design movement that aimed to bridge the gap between art, craft, and industry. It emphasized functionalism, simplicity, and the integration of art into everyday life. The Bauhaus school, founded by Walter Gropius

Italian dictator who coined fascism and came to power with the help of his Black Shirts. Overthrown during the Allied reconquest of Italy.

A military strategy employed by Germany during World War II, characterized by fast-moving tanks and airpower to quickly overwhelm the enemy.

The revolution led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks, marked by uprisings and street demonstrations in Russia that resulted in the abdication of the Tsar and the establishment of a socialist government.

The formal incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy on October 6, 1908. This annexation sparked political tensions in the region and contributed to the growing tensions in Europe that eventually led to the outbreak of World War I.

French painter and founder of Impressionism, a precursor to modernism.

An art movement pioneered by Picasso and others, emphasizing geometric forms on flat planes and challenging traditional representations of the real world.

An art movement focused on creating provocative and nonsensical art as a reaction to the established artistic norms and the horrors of World War I.

A failed revolution in 1825, where civilians attempted to overthrow Tsar Nicholas I's authoritarian government and establish a constitutional monarchy. It influenced later revolutions in 1917.

After World War I, countries like Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, and Greece were established as liberal democratic nations in line with the principles of the Versailles Conference.

A wrongful accusation of treason against a Jewish captain in the French army, exposing anti-Semitism and leading to the separation of church and state in France.

Author of the World War I novel "All Quiet on the Western Front," born in Germany and drafted into the German army at 18.

The controversial practice of selective breeding and sterilization targeting disabled individuals and racial minorities.

Philosophy asserting that life has no inherent meaning or higher power, emphasizing individual choice and purpose (associated with Nietzsche).

Ideology prioritizing the state's strength and greatness over individual freedom and equality, suppressing dissent to maintain total power.

Overthrow of the Russian monarchy, leading to the establishment of the Provisional Government.

Belief in equal rights between the sexes, particularly prevalent during the interwar and postwar periods.

Fascist leader of Spain, allied with Hitler, who came to power during the Spanish Civil War.

Psychological theory emphasizing the role of the unconscious and the therapist's role in bringing unconscious processes to consciousness.

Art style reflecting Western pity and romanticized views of "primitive" cultures untouched by the West.

Systematic mass killing and oppression of a particular race or group by a governing force.

Global economic recession after World War I, causing the collapse of the US and European banking systems and leading to the rise of dictators and World War II.

Nations with significant global influence and capabilities.

Soviet labor camps, detention centers, transit camps, and prisons.

Visual artist and sculptor associated with Impressionism and modernism.

Systematic mass extermination of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II as part of their "final solution."

Influential Russian composer of the 20th century, known for his modernist approach to music.

Political practice of interfering in the affairs of other nations.

Period between World War I and World War II, characterized by economic difficulties in Germany and rising tensions in Europe.

Prominent figure in French philosophy and Marxism, known for his contributions to existentialism.

Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, serving as the Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

International organization established to maintain peace, but its lack of military power limited its effectiveness.

Scientists of the early 1900s who discovered radioactivity and the elements radium and polonium.

Ideology advocating for a socialist state that empowers the working class (proletariat), influenced by the theories of Marx and Lenin.

A Russian revolutionary who advocated for revolutionary violence and believed in leading such movements through secret societies.

Women's suffrage campaigner who worked for legal changes to achieve gender equality.

Social and artistic movement influenced by industrial and modern culture.

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union to remain neutral, broken by Germany in Operation Barbarossa.

German nationalist movement led by Adolf Hitler, holding power in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s.

German laws that deprived Jews of political rights and excluded them from German activities.

Turkish Empire that controlled Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries.

Treaty signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria to divide up Poland among themselves.

Reaction in the 1880s against Impressionism in art.

Russian composer of the Romantic period, known for internationally acclaimed music.

Third Prime Minister and Interior Minister of the Russian Empire from 1906 until his assassination in 1911.

Scientific study of the behavior of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale.

When a country determines its own statehood, allegiances, and government.

Drastic decline in the stock market, primarily in the US, in the late 1920s and 1930s, leading to an economic downturn in many European states.

The right to vote, initially limited but later expanded in the early stages of democracy.

Artistic movement where artists depicted illogical and unsettling scenes, expressing the unconscious mind.

Theory proposed by Albert Einstein, stating that space and time are relative, and all motion is relative to a frame of reference.

Form of government that seeks total control over its citizens' lives.

Treaty that ended World War I, imposing full blame for the war on Germany and inflicting heavy reparations, leading to the destabilization of the German government and setting the stage for World War II.

Secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Leader of the Bolshevik Party and founding father of the USSR (Soviet Union).

Meeting of senior Nazi German officials and SS leaders to discuss the "Final Solution" and the extermination of Jews.

German republic during the interwar period, preceding Nazi Germany and World War II.

Physicist known for his contributions to quantum mechanics, including the discovery of allotropic forms of hydrogen.

A political philosophy propounded by United States President Woodrow Wilson.