Unit 6 Vocab

typewriters, telephone, automobiles

Immigrants from Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden arriving in the EARLY 1800s

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910 (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Yugoslavia)

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between (China and Japan)

American culture is a blend of many different cultures

the theory that cultures mix but retain uniqueness.

can't pick out a different culture because they are blended together (like Melting Pot Theory)

Can pick out a different culture within a group (Like Salad Bowl Theory)

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910

China Town/Little Italy

First muckraker who brought public attention to the poor working and living conditions of immigrants in his book "How the Other Half Lives"

She started the Hull House in Chicago in 1889, which taught immigrants English, pioneered early childhood education, and taught industrial arts

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed, sanitized, and overcrowded.

urban factories with poor wages and working conditions

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born against those of immigrants.

fear of foreigners

were most of the original European settlers of the United States, and many continue to enjoy high social position today (anti-immigration)

Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay (were discriminated against because they were Catholic)

Nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s; empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants. (anti-immigration)

Chinese crossed the Pacific in search of better lives, increased after discovery of gold

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Was not liked during the Gilded Age (Catholic schools were established because Catholics weren't allowed to go to public school)

came to US for jobs and to escape persecution. Most came from Germany and eastern Europe. Settled mostly in northeast US. Brought Jewish foods and holidays.

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

(Immigration Act of 1924) limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota.

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Guiteau because he didn't get the job he was promised (from the spoil system)

assassinated President James because he was upset he didn't get the job he was promised from the spoil system (this showed the danger of the spoil system)

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons (ended spoil system)

A group of Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Politicians who appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded or not as important as the elite very rich group

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Bryan. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

nominated by democrats' and populists and supported the unlimited coinage of silver to combat inflation

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated and supported the gold standard

A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.

Nast's cartoons attacked Tweed and Tammany Hall exposing corruption which led to its downfall

better wages, hours, working conditions, no child labor

strikes, lockouts, Pinkertons, collective bargaining, closed shop

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age).

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of failure of the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by the police

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

A strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America that took place in Pennsylvania. Notable for Roosevelt's forcing of the coal corporations to cooperate with the strikers. (first time the federal gov sided with workers)

New agriculture machines (cast steel plow, mechanized reaper) were being made to make farming more productive but it lead to farmers going into debt from buying new machines

A situation in which prices are declining

drought, locusts, debt, tariffs, high prices for transportation (railroads)

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

trade between states

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

a form of democracy in which the people vote firsthand

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest (used to prevent boss corruption among workers)

democrats wanted unlimited coinage of silver, republicans wanted money standard to be backed by gold

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures.

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold.

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives)

Protection for consumers against unfair, unethical or unjust business practices.

1906, authorized Secretary of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption/ all labels on any type of food had to be accurate (better sanitation/labeling)

end child labor, minimum wage laws, workers compensation

One form of reserve that is intended to protect natural and scenic areas of national land.

trustbuster, square deal, coal strike, meat inspection act, pure food and drug act, national parks

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

TR only broke up the "bad" trusts that did the most harm to the greatest number of consumers; he kept a close eye on the "good" ones that weren't as harmful and warned them that he was watching

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

J.P. Morgan - consolidated 10 companies into the corporate giant. But in 1920, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that U.S. Steel was not violating the Sherman Antitrust Act despite the company having almost a 90 percent market share when it was finally merged.

Allows the federal government to collect income tax (taking money from income instead of promoting tariffs)

When the Republican's votes were split between Taft and Roosevelt (Bull Moose/Progressive), the Democrats stayed together and elected Wilson as President. The Republicans had no chance because they had two candidates running.

made income tax to replace tariffs

a method of taxation that taxes people at different rates depending on income

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

a law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust act that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations