Chapter 24 - Cultural Revolution (Sections 1 & 2)

A policy allowing businesses to operate without government interference.

Set down the workings of a laissez-faire economy in his book The Wealth of Nations.

The natural forces of the marketplace will cause a balance to form; supply will meet demand and prices will be fair.

Wrote that poverty, famine, and misery were unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply.

In his "iron law of wages," he said that the rapid growth of the population would lead to fierce competition for jobs, lower wages, and higher unemployment rates.

^opposed

1. A movement that joined personal faith with social improvement.

2. The result of religious awakenings in Protestant churches.

Encouraged Parliament to pass a bill that ended the British slave trade.

Promoted laws to limit the working hours for women and children.

Promoted Utilitarianism.

The idea that society should work for the the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens.

1. Urged the government to distribute national wealth more justly by taxing income.

2. Stated that freedom of thought/discussion, the right to vote, and equal rights belonged to everyone [including women and minorities].

The belief that the means of productions—capital, land, raw materials, and factories—should be owned and controlled by society either directly or through the government.

^wealth

Established the ideal working community in which everyone shared the benefits of the industrial age equally.

^competition ^cooperation

Wrote The Communist Manifesto.

^exploitation

A class war that would result in a society without class distinctions and private property. There was a hope that a golden age in which the government is nonexistent would occur.

The working class, by far the most productive class of them all.

The middle class which was often viewed as greedy.

• The People's Republic of China

• The Soviet Union in Russia

• The Republic of Cuba

• The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (And many more...)

Formulated the Cell Theory.

^evolution

Constructed his own theory of evolution based on Natural Selection.

Organisms better adapted to their environment have a more likely chance of survival.

Experimented with pea plants, discovered genes, and created the study of hereditary also known as genetics.

Created a smallpox vaccine by using cowpox. (This was the world's first inoculation/vaccination.)

1. Discovered bacteria/germs.

2. Created pasteurization.

^Anesthetics

^Antiseptics

The idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

Discovered that elements are composed of one type of atom. There may be multiple, but they are identical and unlike any other element.

Discovered x-rays or high energy electromagnetic waves that could penetrate solid matter.

Discovered Radium and proved that it emits energy.

The Quantum Theory of Energy = Theorized that energy is not continuous, but is released in seperate units called quanta.

Developed the Theory of Relativity, which changed ideas about time, space, mass, and motion.

The study of human behavior in groups.

The science of human behavior in individuals.

Believed that people could apply scientific methods to the study of human social groups.

Suggested that human actions were unconscious reactions to outside stimuli and could be changed by training. (Also known as psychological conditioning.)

Created psychoanalysis, a method of treatment used to discover people's motives.