HisTech: People to Know

Purchased Papyrus, an ancient medical text about surgery and medicine.

Greek god of healing; his staff is the modern symbol of medicine.

Emphasized ethics; Hippocratic Oath states that no harm shall be done.

Emphasized ethics and patient respect; Declaration of Geneva states that no medical techniques will be used that violate humanity’s laws.

Swiss physician, focused on medicine dosage.

Discovered percussion.

Used microscope to discover white blood cell cancer and acute appendicitis. (Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)

Did many autopsies; realized that disease was localized and not a result of general imbalance (4 humors).

Invented the stethoscope.

Invented the X-Ray.

Invented the electrocardiogram.

Invented penicillin.

Invented surgical anesthetics, tested on slaves.

Invented sterile surgery.

Invented heparin (treats heart and lung issues) in Willian Howell’s lab.

Invented germ theory, helped invent vaccines, disproved spontaneous generation model, discovered fermentation, and invented pasteurization.

Invented evidence-based medicine.

Created Apgar Test for infant health.

Treated gladiators, established bloodletting and also used opium for pain relief.

Jewish physician, translated Hippocrates and Galen to Arabic, discovered hemophilia, built hospitals, emphasized preventative medicine; Oath of Maimonides focuses on humility.

“Invented,” vaccines.

Described diabetes as “the turning of flesh to urine.”

Proposed that disease could be inherited, realized that alkaptonuria (black urine disease) could be inherited.

Discovered molecular oxygen.

Discovered that animals breathe oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.

Created “Theory of Indirect Nutrition.”

Proved that proteins exist and function outside of the cell.

Developed enzyme theory and “lock and key model,” (as seen in substrate-level phosphorylation.

Isolated phosphorylated intermediates in fermentation.

Found that glycolysis and fermentation were the same pathway.

Came up with Warburg Effect (in tumors, the rate of glucose uptake dramatically increases and lactate is produced, even in the presence of oxygen and fully functioning mitochondria).

Invented the Krebs Cycle.

Discovered many Krebs Cycle components.

Discovered Acetyl-CoA.

First to isolate a protein (urease).

Isolated pepsin.

Developed amino acid analyzers and column chromatography.

Came up with Prion Theory (a misfolded protein is the main (and perhaps the only) component of this unorthodox infectious agent called a prion).

Debunked geocentric model of the universe.

Demonstrated that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic (thiamine/Vitamin B1) vitamins.

Worked with Christiaan Eikjman to discover vitamins, also discovered tryptophan.

One of the first to conceptualize and formulate the idea of vitamins.

Discovered the vitamin that helps cure rickets (weak bones in children) was 2: A and D.

Discovered ATP.