pwpt 3

What are the three ways imperialism was practiced?

Trade, exploitation of resources, and strategic considerations

Describe China’s status pre Opium wars.

China was politically and economically independent and free from foreign influence. They maintained this via strict trade rules

What was the Canton system?

Westerners could only trade with the 13 Cohong merchants and at the Canton port

What were the benefits for the Canton system for China?

• Since China didn’t need anything, they got silver and gold bullion (the British hated this)

What happened in 1793?

Lord George McCartney tried to intervene with the Chinese’s independence, but failed to make any headway.

What happened in 1816?

William Amhurst failed his mission to China

What happened in 1834?

Lord Napler failed to negotiate to China

When did Opium start prevailing in China?

1830s

By ____, China was importing 40 thousand tonnes of opium annually, or _ tonnes.

1838, 1,400

When did the Say No to Opium campaign start?

1799

What emperor banned Opium in China?

Dao Guang under the Qing dynasty.

Who was the commissioner for the Chinese? When was he appointed?

Lin Zexu, March 1839

What did Lin Zexu do?

• Immediately halt drug imports into China as his first action

• When the British refused, he blocked trade with the British (imposed a trade embargo)

When was all opium turned over to the Chinese?

March 27th, 1839, on Charles Elliot’s (British Superintendent of Trade) command

When was the first opium war?

1839-1841

When was Lin Zexu’s letter written to Queen Victoria?

1839

What was Lin Zexu writing about?

• He was critical of how Britain had banned opium trade in her own territory (Ireland, Scotland, England) yet profited off it in China.

When did the British Indian army arrive?

June 1840

How many pounds of private property did Lin Zexu destroy?

~3 million pounds of opium

When did the Qing authorities sue for peace?

1842

When was the Treaty of Nanking/Nanjing formed?

August 1843

What did the Treaty of Nanking entail?

• Hong Kong was given to Britain

• British people working in China were immune to Chinese law → diplomatic status + immnity

• Britain and other powers could operate ports (including Shanghai) with little-no revenue going to the Chinese government.

• Spheres of influence

When did France and the United States sign unfair treaties with the Chinese?

1844

When did Norway and Sweden sign unfair treaties with the Chinese?

1847

When was the Second Opium War?

1856-1860

How did the Second Opium War break out?

The British registered Chinese owned Arrow Ship was accused of piracy and smuggling and were arrested → British claimed that ship was flying their flag and had protections

French missionary was murdered

In 1859, China refused for the building of a British Embassy in Beijing (which was outlined in Treaty of Tientsin). The British set fire to the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace in response.

Where did the British first attack in the Second Opium War?

Guangzhou

What were Britain’s aids in the Second Opium War?

France, Russia, and the US.

The Treaty of Tientsin was created in , _ and ratified in _

July 1858, 1860

When did John Hay write his letter about the Open Door Policy?

6th of September, 1899