Geography Exam Set

the number of people living in a square kilometre

how people are spread out across an area

describes the shape and height of the land

provision of services (water supply, electricity, roads etc) within an area

access to services, fertile soil, high employment, accessible, varied climate, few natural natural disasters

conflict, lack of services, poor soil, unemployment, pollution, few natural resources, extreme climate, land relief

no. of babies born per 1000 people in a year

no. of people who die per 1000 people in a year

no. of babies who die before their first birthday

• childcare is expensive

• birth control/contraception available

• improved status of women

• education of girls

• early marriage

• lack of family planning and contraception

• children needed to work

• cultural tradition for large families

• old age pensions

• clean water supply

• improved healthare

• reliable food supply

• sanitation

• mechanisation in working

• disease or illness

• war

• food shortage

• high infant mortality rate

• lack of clean water and sanitation

number and distribution of different age groups in a population

a graph made up of two bar graphs showing the number of males and females in each 5 year age group

someone under the age of 15 - no income as they do not work so relies on the state and their parents to provide for them

aged 16-64 who are working - help to provide for others by paying taxes

people aged 65+ who no longer works and do not pay income tax so depend on the state

• land must be farmed intensively to supply food

• many people in urban areas shanty towns

• unemployment rates if not enough jobs

• demand for education and services goes up

• promotion of family planning

• keeping girls in education

• increasing legal age of marriage

• some businesses make more profit

• more childcare and support form grandparents

• fewer people of working age so fewer tax payers

• rise in retirement age

• lack of young workforce

• increase in cost of health care

any improvement made in the standard of living

to do with the quality of life of individuals in the country

those to do with the wealth of individuals in the country

• life expectancy

• birth and death rate

• literacy rate

• infant mortality

• food intake

• GDP (totals money by all workers)

• GDP per capita (wealth shared out equally)

• energy per person

• people per doctor

• primary employment

composite indicator used by UN of life expectancy, literacy rate and GDP per capita to cover health, education and economy in a country.

where the river flows into sea/lake

a river that joins a larger river

area from which water drains into a particular drainage basin

upland area where river begins

boundary diving two drainage basins

point at which two rivers join

where the river water touches the beds and banks

wearing away of the land

the strong of river dislodges particles from bed and banks

when bed and banks are worn down by the rivers load

material in river bumps into each other - smoothed and broken into smaller particles

chemicals in river slowly dissolve beds and banks

boulders and pebbles rolled along river bed at highest discharge

Sand sized particles bounce along bed in a leap frog movement

fine clay/sand particles carried at low discharge

minerals dissolved into water - very little energy

rivers deposit load when energy is lost

Upper course feature - vertical erosion of the river causes a V-shaped valley

Upper course feature - when river meets areas of harder rock that is difficult to erode it winds round it and hills form on either side

river meets a bander a softer rock and erodes it more quickly, undercutting the hard rock - this overhang collapses and the waterfall retreats upstream

a steep sided river valley created from the waterfall retreating

middle course feature - a river flows around bends causing areas of faster and slower water - lateral erosion

middle cruse feature - a flood cuts across a meander and take a new course so an horse shoe shaped lake is remaining

lower course feature - when a river floods, the heaviest particles of its load are deposited first - creating a natural embankment

width, length, straightness, direction of flow, features, tributaries

shape, gradient, height, interlocking spurs, features

farming, forestry, renewable energy, recreation and tourism, industry and settlement

• sheep farming

• HEP

• tourism eg. rafting

• foresty

• windfarms

• dairy/arable farming

• tourism eg. camp sites

• fishing

• arable farming

• dairy farming

• industry eg. ships

• tourism eg. boat trips

• wind-farms vs. tourists

• white water rafting vs. fishermen

leisure centres, chain stores, hospitals

post offices, doctors, newsagents

city centre where most of the shops, offices are and where transport routes meets

old industrial part of the city directly next to CBD. where old 19th century housing and factories are found

Residential and shopping areas on the edge of the city with plenty of space

in the CBD as space is limited

old historic buildings such as cathedrals, museums, galleries

shopping malls, high order shops, dapeament stores

Route centre where all the arterial roads meet, has the main bus and train station

tourist info centre, chain restaurants and bars, theatres, hotels

The new St James Centre shopping mall was built to improve the visual appearance of the city centre and attract shoppers back into the city by protecting them from the Scottish weather.

Cycle lanes have been introduced to reduce traffic in the CBD and encourage cycling to reduce air pollution.

To boost Edinburgh's image as a centre for arts and provide another venue for the International Festival.

To attract shoppers to the CBD to improve and economy and provide retails experience to compete with online shopping.

19th century tenement housing in high density, built orginally for factory workers

empty derelict land in the inner city form old industrial buildings

long straights rows of houses in the inner city

detached housing with gardens and driveways in cul-de-sacs

Modern industry such as shopping centres, financial services and quaternary industry

protected countryside which has strict strict planning controls at edge of the city to stop urban sprawl

farmland which is ideal for building on

• space for businesses to expand

• cheap land values

• flat land easy to build on

• affordable housing for growing population

• wildlife habitats destroyed

• increased traffic congestion in edge of city

• spoils countryside's natural beauty

• inner city areas become run down as people move away

movement of people form the countryside to the city

Project plans to demolish parts of Dharavi and build high rise flats to regime people. Many don't like this as they won't have their businesses

Government would provide toilets, piping, reinforced housing, schools, healthcare facilities to improve the shanty town

Encourage residents to improve the area themselves - they can ask gov for loans to build toilets, water supply and negotiate with authorities about electricity etc

reducing over population by taking the overspill out of Mumbai to new part of the city

• residents get a say

• doesn't cost gov as heavily

• areas improved

• cannot do sewage/toilets themselves

• only works on a small scale

• better safer housing created with toilets, running water etc- safer for children

• improved life

• low tax - gov don't have enough money-

• may be rehoused far way and have to change job

• construction often stalled to lack of finance

horizontal cracks in the limestones created when the sediment was building up in layers

vertical cracks formed when tectonic activity lifted limestone

Water can pass through limestone's bedding planes and joints

calcium carbonate

when rainfall combines with carbon dioxide and creates a weak carbonic acid which dissolves limestone

1. bedding planes due to layers of sediment and joints due to tectonic activity

2. during glaciation, ice scraped away topsoil

3. bare rock is permeable

4. carbonation dissolve rock, carried in solution

5. continued chemical weathering widens and deeps bedding planes and joints

6. Blocks called clints and gaps called grikes

1. bedding planes and joints

2. surface water passes over impermeable rock until reaches permeable limestone

3. water flows down a joint and dissolves rock to form a swallow hole

4. process of carbonation causes hole to become larger over time

1. streams flowing onto limestone disappear down swallow holes

2. they flow along bedding planes and down joints

3. when stream hits impermeable rock, they have to flow overtop until they reach the surface

4. when underground water comes to surface it is called a resurgence stream

1. joints and bedding planes = permeable

2. water flows underground through a swallow hole until it reaches impermeable rock

3. carbonation takes place and dissolves limestone

4. areas with lots of BPs and joints close together means large areas of rock are dissolved quickly

5. the space left is a cave or caverns

6. walls may be eroded further by abrasion due to water carries stones