More flashcards of AP PSYCH unit 7

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

processing of information into the memory system- for example, extracting meaning

retention of encoded information over time

process of getting information out of memory storage

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing 7 plus or minus 2

relatively permanant and limitedless storehouse of the memory system

newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequence

encoding that requires attention conscious effort

conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

encoding of picture images

encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing

memory aids; like vivid imagery

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; sounds can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

loss of memory

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

located in limbic system and helps process short term memory into long term memory

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Example: essay or fill in the blank

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. Example: multiple choice

memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, doing many things at once

The process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information.

A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.

This is the tendency for the first items presented in a series to be remembered better or more easily, or for them to be more influential than those presented later in the series.

It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.

A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. Also called implicit memories

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.

Learning that takes place in one situation or "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar situation or state.

The act of forgetting something as the memory fades with time

He was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve.

She is an American psychologist and expert on human memory. She has conducted extensive research on the misinformation effect and the nature of false memories.

the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc., or of recalling or recognizing previous experiences.

all the mental activities associated with memory, thinking and language

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

a mental image or best example of a category

a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem

a shortcut used to solve problems

A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match our prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)

formulation of the plans and important details

the mental faculty or power of vocal communication

(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language

smallest unit of meaning in a language

studies of the formation of basic linguistic units

the study of language meaning

the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)

pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments

Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

a form of amnesia which occurs in otherwise healthy people. involves loss of important personal information (functional amnesia)

putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something

characterized by a loss of memory of one's past and identity

loss of memory of past events

inability to form or store new memories

your memory for motor skills. automatic processing

part of the brain where the forming and storage of implicit memories occurs