chapter 4 - endocrine control

define direct signaling

direct communication via gap junctions

define autocrine and paracrine signaling

single cell signals another cell of the same type

endocrine and neural signaling is normally over … distances

longer

what are the 6 structural classes of chemical messengers

peptides

steroids

amines

lipids

purines

gases

what are the different types of trans-membrane receptors for chemical messengers?

ligand-gated ion channel

receptor-enzyme

g-protein coupled receptor

how do intracellular receptors differ in function from trans-membrane receptors

intracellular receptors are located INSIDE the cell rather than in the cell membrane and interact with hydrophobic chemical messengers

specifically, ligand-receptor complex modulates gene transcription & thus protein production

hydrophilic hormones bind to … receptors

transmembrane

hydrophobic hormones bind to … receptors

intracellular

specifically, ionotropic hormones bind to … channel

ligand-gated ion

specifically, metabotropic hormones bind to … and …. receptors

receptor-enzyme, G-protein-coupled

are most peptide, protein, and amine hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

thyroid hormones are …. (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

hydrophobic

where are steroid hormones derived from

cholesterol

what are the three classes of steroid hormones

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

reproductive hormones

give an example of mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

what is the function of mineralocorticoids

affect electrolyte balance

give an example of a glucocorticoids

cortisol

what are glucocorticoids often called

stress hormones

give an example of reproductive hormones

testosterone

function of reproductive hormones

regulate sex-specific traits

steroid hormones are … (hydrophobic/ hydrophilic)

hydrophobic

steroid hormones are transported to target cells by…

carrier proteins

steroid hormones bind to … receptors

intracellular, transmembrane

steroid hormones have … (slow/fast) effects on target cell

slow

stress hormones, cortisol, have … (slow/ fast) non-genomic effects

fast

axons of neurons of the … extend to posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

hormones travel in … down axons and then are released into the blood from the posterior pituitary

vesicles

anterior pituitary cell releases hormones into the …

blood

what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland

oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH), vasotocin

what are the functions of oxytocin

stimulates childbirth and lactation in mammals

involved in social bonding and muscle regeneration

what are the functions of vasopressin (ADH)

promotes water reabsorption by kidneys

causes vasoconstriction, increases BP

where is vasotocin normally found

fish, amphibians and birds

vasotocin behaves similar to

oxytocin and vasopressin

what hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary

prolactin, TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH, MSH

what is the function of GH

body growth, muscle/fat ration in adults

what is the function of ACTH

corticosteroids from adrenal cortex (aldosterone and cortisol)

what is the function of aldosterone

affects osmoregulation

what is the function of cortisol

increases blood glucose

what is the fusion of TSH

triggers thyroid hormone secretion

what is the function of FSH

stimulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis

what is the function of LH

triggers ovulation and sex hormone release

what is the function of MSH

increased melanin production

what is the function of prolactin

breast development, milk production in mammals

what is it called when blood glucose levels are too LOW

hypoglycemia

what is is called when blood glucose levels are too HIGH

hyperglycemia

what happens during hypoglycemia

brain can’t function

what happens during hyperglycemia

osmotic balance of blood disturbed

what hormone lowers blood glucose levels and is produced from the beta cells of the pancreas

insulin

what hormone raises blood glucose levels and is produced from the alpha cells of the pancreas

glucagon

during the vertebrate stress response there is an interaction between what do control systems

nervous and endocrine control

during nervous control the … nervous system of the ANS is activated

sympathetic

what is secreted from the adrenal medulla which leads to increased HR, BP, respiration , bronchodilation, altered blood blood

epinephrine

insulin secretion is … (increased/ decreased) and glucagon secretion is …(increased/ decreased) which INCREASES blood glucose

decreased, increased

for the endocrine control, the hypothalamus secretes…

CRH

for the endocrine control, the anterior pituitary secretes…

ACTH

for the endocrine control, the adrenal cortex secretes…. that stimulates targets cells to …

cortisol, blood glucose levels

have there been greater changes in the structures of hormones in specific animal groups or have there been greater changes in the effects of hormones in specific animals groups?

greater changes in the effects of hormones

function of prolactin in mammals

milk production

function of prolactin in amphibians

promotes growth

function of prolactin in fish

regulates water balance