psych exam 3

Accommodation

Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new experiences

Affective forecasting

Predicting future emotions

Affective forecasting

Predicting future emotions

Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures for solving problems

Amnesia

Loss of memory

Amygdala

Brain region involved in processing emotional information

Analogical

Thinking based on similarities between situations

Analytical

Problem-solving and logical reasoning

Anchoring

Tendency to rely too heavily on initial information

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after trauma

Aphasia

Language impairment due to brain damage

Assimilation

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

Attachment style

Emotional bond between caregiver and child

Availability heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on immediate examples that come to mind

Binet

Created the first IQ test

Biological bases of intelligence

Brain size, cortical thickness/volume

Broca's area

Speech production, left hemisphere

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously

Categories

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people

Cattell

Proposed fluid and crystallized intelligence

Central executive

Working memory component for attention and problem-solving

Chunking

Organizing information into smaller, manageable units

Classical conditioning

Associating stimuli to elicit a response

Cognition

Mental processes of thinking, knowing, and remembering

Cohort effects

Differences based on the generation in which someone was born

Concepts

Mental representations of categories

Concrete operational

Logical thinking, conservation, but difficulty with abstract concepts

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance

Consolidation

Process of strengthening memories over time

Continuous development theory

Development is a gradual, continuous process

Convergent thinking

Narrowing down to a single correct solution

Creative

Generating novel ideas and solutions

Critical period hypothesis

Window of time for language acquisition

Cross-cultural facial expressions

Facial expressions of emotion vary across cultures

Cross-sectional study

Study comparing different age groups at the same time

Crystallized intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and skills

Culture-fair IQ test

Test designed to minimize cultural bias

Decision-making

Process of choosing between alternatives

Display rules

Cultural norms for expressing and suppressing emotions

Divergent thinking

Generating multiple possible solutions

Dual-coding hypothesis

Memory is enhanced by using both verbal and visual codes

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Incompetent individuals overestimate their abilities

Egocentrism

Inability to take another person's perspective

Emotional intelligence

Ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions

Encoding

Process of getting information into memory

Episodic buffer

Working memory component for integrating information

Episodic memory

Memory for personal experiences

Eugenics

Selective breeding to improve human genetic traits

Exemplars

Specific examples of a category

Explicit memory

Conscious, intentional memory

Expressive aphasia

Difficulty producing language

Extralinguistic information

Context and nonverbal cues that aid language comprehension

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions influence emotional experience

False-belief task

Assessing understanding that others can hold false beliefs

Flashbulb memories

Vivid, detailed memories of emotionally significant events

Fluid intelligence

Ability to reason and solve novel problems

Formal operational

Abstract and hypothetical thinking

Framing

How information is presented affects decision-making

Functional fixedness

Tendency to think of objects only in terms of their typical use

Galton

Proposed IQ as superior perception

Gardner

Proposed multiple intelligences

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts, rules of thumb for problem-solving

Ideal affect

Culturally valued emotional states

Implicit memory

Unconscious memory, skills, habits

Imprinting

Innate form of learning, attachment to first moving object

Insecure/ambivalent

Mixed feelings, seeks and rejects caregiver, anxious attachment style

Insecure/avoidant

Avoids or ignores caregiver, distant attachment style

Insula

Brain region involved in experiencing and recognizing emotions

Integral and incidental emotions

Emotions that are central vs. emotions that are unrelated to a task

Intelligence

Ability to learn, reason, problem-solve

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Measure of intelligence relative to peers

James-Lange theory of emotion

Emotion is a result of physiological arousal

Levels of processing

Shallow, intermediate, and deep processing of information

Limbic system

Brain structures involved in emotion and motivation

Linguistic determinism

Language determines thought and perception

Linguistic relativity theory

Language shapes and influences thought

Long-term memory

Relatively permanent storage of information

Long-term potentiation

Strengthening of synapses, neural basis of learning and memory

Longitudinal study

Study following the same individuals over a long period

Mental age

Level of performance associated with a certain age

Mental representations

Internal images, concepts, and symbols used in thinking

Mental sets

Tendency to approach problems in familiar ways

Method of loci

Associating items with locations in a familiar place

Misattribution of arousal

Mistakenly attributing arousal to the wrong source

Mnemonics

Memory aids, techniques for remembering information

Models

Simplified representations of complex phenomena

Morphemes

Smallest units of meaning in language

Nonassociative learning

Response to repeated exposure to a single stimulus

Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight

Organization

Encoding strategy of grouping information into meaningful units

Pegwords

Associating items with a memorized list of words

Phonemes

Smallest units of sound in language

Phonological loop

Working memory component for verbal and auditory information

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Practical

Applying knowledge to real-world situations

Preoperational

Symbolic thought, egocentrism, lack of conservation

Primacy effect

Better recall of first items in a list

Primary emotion

Basic, universal emotions

Priming

Activation of associations, influences perception

Problem-solving

Finding solutions to difficult or complex issues