SCIENCE 2ND GRADING

is dual in nature, a partivle and a wave

as a particle, light carries with it bundles of energy called _______-

are transverse oscillating waves composed of electric and magnetic fields

em waves travels ina vacuum at the speed of

in em wave, the electric field is ______ to the magnetic field

em waves can travel even without

em spectrum, left to right, frequencies ____— as the wavelengths _____—

are the region in the EM spectrum with the longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies in the em spectrum

naturally egenrated in the atmosphere

also called as the ‘‘myriameter band’’, used for military communications with submarines because f their ability to penetrate saltwater up to certain depths

are used for long distance communications

are commonly used for amplitude modulation (AM) broadcasting and air traffic control

are used in international broadcasting stations

used in digital audio broadcasting and mobile radio systems

commonly used in TV broadcasting, global pasitioning systems (GPS), wireless fidelity (wi-fi), and bluetooth technologies

have frequencies higher than those of radiowaves; also have sub bands such as L-bands for GPS.

are found between microwaves and visible light; invisible to the unaided eye but can be detected in the form of heat

in this year, he first recorded the thermal measurement at the far end of the red spectrum

infrared from the prefix ______ means _—

only part of the em spectrum can be seen by unaided eye; different colors of light caused by differences in their subwavelengths

extends from violet spectra of the visible light through x-rays; most comes from sun, stars emits in all parts of the em spectrum

least harmful of the three

most harmful, however absorbed by ozone layer

can cause sunburn because unlike IR, it causes chemical reaction on the human skin; causes skin to burn or change color; too much exposure can cause cellular damage in an organism and may cause production of free radicals in the body or even dna damage

this year, he successfully prove the existence of energy beyond the violet spectra of the vidible light, naming it ultraviolet (UV)

its region between the uv and gamma regions; wavelengths are so small, which is why energies carried x-ray and the gamma ray regions are described in electron volts (eV)

x-rays were first observed and documented by _____- in _______

are found at the end of the em spectrum; contains highest energy of all; produced by objects with very high energy

amount of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves. colliding atoms to emit radiation

radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible light

ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray

loq energy, cannot penetrate the cells of organism, effectively produce vibrations and electric current, may cause photochemical reactions such as sunburn and thermal heating, affect organism through intentionally or accidentally ingested

high energy, can penetrate the cells of organism, exposure may alter one's dna, can cause biological damage, dying of cells or have cellular mutations such as cancer cells, affect fast growing cells such as hair and skin

happens when you get high amounts of radiation exposure over a very short period of time, person undergoing a cancer treatment

occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of radiation over a long period of time

bouncing of light rays when it hits a surface

reflection of smooth surfaces

reflection of rough surfaces

states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

reflective surfaces made up of glass

are flat surfaces that reflect light and form an image of an object brought in front of it

car side mirror, dental mirror, solar cooker

periscope, kaleidescope, bathroom mirror

technique used at least two rays to locate and describe the image

image appearing at the back of the mirror

refers to the left-to-right reversal in plane mirrors

have their reflective surfaces bent outward

have their reflective surfaces bent inward

the line cutting through the center

actual physical center of the mirror

center of the sphere from which the mirror is taken or the geometrical center of the mirror

distance from the center of curvature to the vertex of the mirror

the midpoint of radius of curvature

formed when rays converge

formed when rays diverge

right side up

upside down

ratio of the image dimension to the object dimensions

converges rays of lightthat are traveling; thick middle, thin uppen and lower edges

diverges rays of light that are traveling; thin middle, thick upper and lower edges

C for

F for

P for

f for

history tells us that magnets have come from __________

where does the word lodestone from

they used in this time magnets as compass

come in different shapes and sizes

magnetic materials are usually made up of metals such as

3 classification of magnets

they do not easily lose their magnetic properties; naturally occuring; creates own persistent magnetic field

lose their magnetic properties after some time; when magnetic field is removed, they also lose their magnetic abilities (nails, iron objects)

produced by the electric current flowing through a wire

magnets produce a ________

it is a region of space where a magnetic force is felt

lines to indicate the magnetic field

magnetic field characteristics

‘‘like poles repel, opposite poles attract’’

are produced by positive and negative charges

in 1820, a danish scientist, tried to prove that electricity in entirely different from magnetism; accidentally discovered electromagnetism

flowing charges produce current

the direction of the forceon this current-carrying wire can be demonstrated by using the _________

magnetitude of the force can be determined by using

when the current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field, the wire becomes an _________;

in this law, it is not only the change in the magnetic field that can produce an electric current but also the area where the magnetic field is perpendicularly applied; if the wire is moving, it causes electric current where the magnetic field is applied

if the magnetic flux changes, then ____

it has the ability to produce electricity

electrical to mechanical

mechanical to electrical

english scientist who observed electromagnetic induction by introducing a magnet into a coil of copper wire, producing a deflection in the galvanometer

the changing magnetic field will induce a voltage, causing the current to flow through the wire

lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction, formulated by a _

this year, states that the direction of the current is induced ina conductor bya changing magnetic field, such that the magnetic field is created by the induced current opposes the initial changing magnetic field that produced it

magnet and current is =

2 types of generator

difference of alternating current(ac) and direct current(dc)

direction of the current is induced in a conductor by changing magnetic field

thumb

middle finger

index finger