John Adams
2nd president
establised alien and sedition acts
sons of liberty leader
JQA
organized the monroe doctrine
john adams’s son
weak presidency
samuel adams
leader of sons of liberty
wrote massachusetts circular letter
susan b. anthony
one of the first women’s rights activists
believed women should have the right to vote
abolitionist
stephen f. austin
brought texas to the US after gaining independence from mexico
nicholas biddle
president of the 2nd national bank
profited off the national bank
elizabeth blackwell
first woman to attend medical school
first female doctor
helped found nursing school
john brown
extreme abolitionist
responsible fot the pottawatomie massacre
responsible for harpers ferry
james buchanan
pa governor who downplays slavery
pro manifest destiny, wanted it to come back
becomes president
is president when the states start to secede
Aaron Burr
always had contradicting beliefs to hamilton
killed hamilton
runs for president in 1800 but loses to TJ
Essex Junto
john c. calhoun
original republican politician
pro slavery/states rights
one of the reasons the democratic party was invented
secretly wrote “south carolina exposition and protest”
hates tariffs
samuel chase
supreme court justice
jefferson tried to impeach him
henry clay
one of the most important politicians
spokesman for the west
wrote the missouri compromise
JQA’s sec of state
dewitt clinton
NY senator
senator when the erie canal was built
ran for president multiple times but never won
jefferson davis
mississipi senator
president of the confederate states of america when the south secedes
dorethea dix
a reformer
concerned about prisoners wellbeings
reformed the way prisoners/mentally ill were treated
frederick douglass
former slave
pushed for the ending of slavery to be the focal point of the civil war
wanted emancipation
stephen douglas
wanted to build a railroas from illinois to california
kansas and nebraska were in the way
led to the kansas/nebraska act
ralph waldo emerson
leading transcendentalist thinker
created cultural nationalism
charles finney
leader of the 2nd great awakening
ben franklin
discovered electricity
part of the enlightenment
created the albany plan union
went to france to get european allies for revolutionary war
robert fulton
created the first steam boat
william lloyd garrison
leading abolitionist
owned the liberator newspaper
citizen genet
french government rep sent to the us
wanted to get the us on france’s side of the french revolution
george grenville
british prime minister at the end of the french and indian war
had to deal with the severe debt
replaced by rockingham
alexander hamilton
washington’s right hand man
becomes secretary of treasury
creates the first national bank
wanted strong federal government
william henry harrison
general in the battle of tippecanoe
war hero
runs in election of 1840, wins 53% of votes and most free states
sam houston
leader of texan army in the texas revolution
andrew jackson
general in battle of new orleans
hates national bank, ends up destroying it
corrupt bargain
creates democratic party
becomes president in1828
causes trail of tears
lewis and clark
they traveled and explored the land bought in the lousiana purchase
toussaint l’ouverture
led successful slave revolt in santo domingo against france
causes napoeleon to gove up on north america, leads to louisiana purchase
james madison
helped write the federalist papers
father of the constitution
against the national bank
secretly wrote the virginia and kentucky resolutions
becomes president in 1808
horace mann
leader of the common school movement
reformer
john marshall
went to france to negotiate the xyz affairs
extreme federalist
chief justice of the supreme court
ruled in important court cases like “Marbury v Madison” and “Mcculloch v Maryland”
james monroe
sent to france to negotiate LA purchase
president in 1816, wins again in 1820 without competition (era of good feelings)
made monroe doctrine
james k. polk
became president in 1844, only ran for one term
pro annexation of texas
president during the mexican war
announces gold rush
dred scott
slave who left state with owner and the owner died
used by abolitionist for his freedom in a court case
case didn’t win, was still a slave with no rights
winfield scott
military general in mexican war and civil war
devised the unions war strategies and created the anaconda plan
daniel shays
revolutionary times farmer who led shay’s rebellion
uprising in tax policies in massachusetts 1786-1787
samuel slater
“father of american industrial revolution”
introduced the forst water powered cotton mill to the US
originally from england
joseph smith
american mormon religious leader
founder of mormonism/latter day saint movement
published The Book of Mormon
harriet beecher stowe
wrote and published Uncle Tom’s Cabin
abolitionist
charles sumner
US senator from massachusetts
leder of anti salvery forces/radical republicans
abolitionist
got caned (beat with cane in house of senate by pro slavery senator)
nat turner
virginia slave
led “nat turner’s rebellion”
gathered slaves to rebel and kill about 60 white men/owners
1831
tecumseh
shawnee native cheif and warrior
resisted expansion of colonized US expansion
tried to unite all tribes against white expansion
his death was a minor cause to the end of 1812
henry david thoreau
transcendentalist
wrote civil disobedience
favored fighting back to an unjust state or government
charles townshend
british politician
established the townshend acts/key cause in american revolution
1767
taxed goods importd to american colonies
John tyler
10th president of the US 1841-1845
took office to succeed william henry harrison
whig party
martin van buren
eighth president of the US 1837-1841
had slaves but considered slavery “morally evil”
supported state banks over national bank
clement vallandigham
american politician who was the leader of the copperheads
an anti war democrat during the civil war
daniel webster
new hampshire congressman
took states rights position
purchased slaves freedom then they had to worl to pay off theur debt to him
george whitefield
founded the religious methodist movement
preacker of evangelical revivial in great britain and the great awakening in america
xyz (xyz affair)
3 foreign agents from the french minister
demands a bribe from the american delegation
french wanted help fighting war against great britain
1797-1798
brigham young
second president of the chirch of jesus christ latter day saints 1847-1877
morman pioneer who led people of mormonism to settle in salt lake city
BYU - brigham yound university
tariff of abominations
also called tariff of 1828
it incresed the improt tax from 45% to 50%
american system
system of domestic reforms promoted by clay and republicans
protective tariff, strong national bank, internal improvements
looselt interpreted bc constitution doen’t say fed gov can set up transportation systems
1824
alien and sedition acts
acts put in place for immigrants in america
made it harder for immigrants to live
naturalization acts, alien act, alien enemies act, sedition act
1798
violated the 1st ammendment
anti-federalists
wanted to keep the aoc
didn’t want the new constitution
wanted a weaker fed gov
favored federalism
articles of confederation
1781
primarily written by john dickinson
first federal government document
gave states a lot of power
worked for the first decade, but wasn’t ideal afterwards
replaced by constitution
assumption
the assumption of states debts by the federal government to pay off revolutionary war debts
created by hamilton, opposed by jefferson
boston
first settlement built by the puritans
founded by john winthrop
home of the sons of liberty
site of the boston massacre
california
gold rush in 1848-1849
caused a lot of immigration to the US and westward expansion
congressional caucus
voting members of congress representatives and senators
government congress/meeting
constitutional union party
political party active in the elections of 1860 (lincoln)
consisted of former whigs from the south
wanted to avoid secession
compromise of 1850
made california a free state
made tecas a slace state
fugitive slave act
stopped slave trade in washington dc
copperheads
in 1860s (peace democrats)
opposed war
didnt like lincoln
small fraction of democratic/peace with confederates
critteden compromise
an unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the constitution
this made it unconstitutional to end slavery
john j. critteden
1860
democrats
one of the 2 major political parties
founded in 1828
supportive of the common man
electoral college
the system in which the president is selected during the election
each elector casts 2 voted for a candidate
need 270 to win presidency
emancipation proclamation
semptember 1862
freed slaves in the rebelling states (not union or border)
embargo act
1807
act stating that the US will no longer trade with foreign countries
made by jefferson
hurt the US more than it helped it
enumerated goods
list of items that could only be sold within the country
tobacco, cotton, sugar, indigo
federalist papers
essays written in suport of the new US constitution
secretly written by hamilton, madison, and john jay
swayed popular suport in favor of the constitution
federalists
hamilton was this
in favor of strong federal government and the constitution
supported federalism
florida
state originally owned by spain
given to the US in the florida purchase treaty (adams onis treaty) in 1819
andrew jackson invaded it/earned his wat hero status
force bill
allowed military force in states that resisted the tariff acts
put in place by jackson
gag resolution
1836
congress won’t allow the discussion of anti-slavery petitions
postpones the anti-slavery discussions for 10 years
georgia
one of the original 13 colonies
colony of debtors and criminals
was used as a barrier to proctect south carolina and the US from spain in florida
habeas corpus
constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment
the right to a speedy trial
suspended by lincoln to pu political opponents in jail indefinitely
intolerable acts
britain’s response for the boston tea party
1774
king appoints massachussets government positions
prices were increased
more soldiers were sent over to massachusetts
jay’s treaty
1794
regulated US trade with europe
british soldoers are taken out of US territory but they still have the right to trade with the native americans
judicial review
the supreme court can decide whether or not the acts made by congress are constitutional
the supreme court can review the acts of congress of brought to them in a case
kansas-nebraska act
1854
created 2 states out of unorganized territory
ruled by popular sovereignty
leads to violence in kansas (bleeding kansas)
kentucky (VA and KY resolutions)
against the alien and sedition acts
secretly written by jefferson and madison
no legal significance, just opinions
states can make federal laws null and void
know-nothings
aka the american party
anti-immigrant
wanetd to see immigration gradually reduced in the US
had a candidate for president in 1852 who was pretty popular
the liberator
weekly national newspaper
1831-1865
owned by the abolitionist William Lloyd garrison
loose construction
created by hamilton
the fed gov can do anything they want unless the constitution says otherwise
maine
brits wanted this state during the war of 1812, so they burned the US capitol
became a free state during the missouri compromise
missouri compromise
1820
a line is drawn at the 36-30 line, all states south are slave states and all states north are free except for missouri
missouri becomes a state (slave)
maine becomes a state (free)
navigation acts
1660
only british ships were allowed in american ports
new jersey
middle colony, part of new amsterdam
first was a dutch settlement
original 13 colony
new york
started the erie canal
non-importation agreement
boycotts against british goods adopted in ersponse to the stamp act and, later, the townshend and intolerable acts
forced britain to acknowledge the colonies through economic pressure
north carolina
people moved here from virginia and england
tobacco farming started here
important state for naval stores
barbados slave code
ostend manifesto
the south wanted to take cuba
spain won’t sell
pierce thinks we should take it, but there was a huge northern opposition, so nothing happened
pinckney’s treaty
1795
separate peace with spain
US gets rughts to use mississippi river diwn to new orleans for 3 years
clears up southern border of US
plymouth
where the pilgrims on the mayflower settled
the pilgrims were headed for jamestown, but they ended up here
republicans
founded in 1854
party of the early north/anti-slavery
rush-bagot agreement
british american agreement that limited naval ships on the great lakes
followed the war of 1812
seneca falls convention
first womens rights convention
july 1848
speech modeled after declaration of independence