Ap Human Geo Unit 4

boundary that no longer exists as an international border, but remnants of its existence remain

people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy

a state with a single nation (very few exist)

a nation who do not have their own independent state

a state with two or more nations (includes most states)

a nation living across states

an area which governs itself, but is not an independent country

an area that can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern. Ex: Native American reservations

final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations

the drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

an area that believes that it should be its own country

expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources

political system with governing authority

gov’t with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedoms e.g.absolute monarchy(Saudi Arabia), dictatorship (North Korea), fascism (Germany)

government where power resides with the majority (Ancient Greece)

government where power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law (U.S., Germany, France)

the process of moving from a non-democracy (authoritarian rule, colonial rule) to a democratic system

form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited

region endangered by local conflicts within the state or between countries in the area, as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region

geographical feature (sea OR land) that has significant strategic importance. Ex: Panama Canal

the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land creating a desire for ownership over a defined space

line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction that is a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above and often coincides with cultural, national or economic divisions

phase in which the boundary is negotiated and legally described

phase in which the boundary is drawn on the map

phase in which markers are placed on the ground (signs, walls, fences)

phase in which the boundary is maintained

disagreement over the location of a boundary/movement across the boundary (migration/smuggling) and can cause conflict

when a state wants to annex territory whose population is ethnically similar

boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in

boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes

boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (e.g. colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups

boundary that follows a straight line or arc

a meeting (1884-1885) between European nations to divide Africa among them for colonization with the intent of preventing conflict over the process

from the 17th to 19th centuries, large parts of Africa were divided according to which pieces of land belonged to which European colonizer and not by the existing patterns of different tribal people/ethnicities living on the land

the superimposed boundaries of Africa remained in place after independence, which has led to much of the current conflict and lack of ability to establish effective leadership

a buffer zone created by treaties/agreements between two or more military powers that falls on either side of the actual boundary

establishment of formal commitments between countries on world related issues that can either encourage interactions (trade) or discourage disputes (resources)

policies or actions designed to induce states to change their behavior

established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/use of oceans/seas and their resources as developed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

zone of water adjacent to a state’s coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty

zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws

zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the Right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources

ocean beyond the EEZ, in which all states have equal access

method used to divide the waters between states that do not have 400 miles between them

subdivision for electing members to a legislative body

when voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population

redistricting that is unfair and gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength

state that is governed as a single unit with a central top down form of form of governance where local territories only have power that is granted by the central government e.g. U.K., France, Spain, China, Italy

region that is given greater autonomy from the central government

the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level

• ethnic separatism (religion, language, ethnicity)

• economic and social issues

• irredentism

• physical geography

• centrifugal forces

• terrorism

• ethnic cleansing

states fragment into subnational political territorial units

political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals and resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty

union formed to promote international world peace and security after WWII, comprised of 6 principal organs that meet to decide on common issues and policies

economic alliance between European countries (1992) that established free trade and open borders and a common currency (Eurozone)

economic alliance to gradually eliminate tariffs and trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, Mexico

political, economic and social alliance aimed at promoting greater unity, cohesion, and efficiency of African states and reducing the strains of their colonial roots

military alliance formed after WWII between the U.S., Canada and 26 European states to ensure mutual assistance in times of aggression

economic alliance aimed at improving development in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Brunei

alliance aimed at promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among Arctic states, Arctic  indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on issues of sustainable development and Environmental protection in the Arctic members: U.S., Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia

alliance between two or more states who agree on mutual protection and support in case of a crisis e.g. NATO formed to defend against threats by communist countries after WWII (Cold War: period of political and military tension between the USSR and Western states after WWII)

treaty between two or more states who agree on trade, tariffs, taxes, and often includes investment guarantees e.g. NAFTA formed to eliminate tariffs on trade between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.

cost advantages gained by an increased level of production

establishment of protocols dealing with greenhouse gas emissions by the United Nations

advances in communication technology have facilitated devolution, supranationalism, and democratization

forces within a state that promote unity and national stability (nationalism)

Forces within a state that destabilize or weaken it