APUSH - Chapter 16-18

Carnegie was able to parlay his job with the Pennsylvania Railroad and aid his boss. As a result, he received stocks from the company. He then diversified his investments across many industries.

He dominated the oil industry and used horizontal integration tdo this.

Buying out the competition to create a monopoly, to eventually control the prices of the industry.

Buying out the means of production to eventually be able to control the prices of the industry

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly).

Agreements among competitors to divide markets and forbid price cutting. As early as the 1870s, pools were formed to divide markets, fix production quotas, and set prices.

Financial responsibility of business owners only for what they invested in a business.

Rise of the middle managers. Essentially, the idea was that if there were more managers watching smaller groups of workers, there would be an increase in efficiency.

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply.

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He was a shipping and railroad tycoon.

Wealthy industrialists who believed they were the captain of the industry, however, most Americans saw them as robber barons.

• This included Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, and Vanderbilt.

Sometimes used ruthless tactics to destroy competition and keep worker wages low.

Wrote "How the Other Half Lives". This depicted the living conditions of the urban poor, mainly immigrant slums.

Heads of political machines. They were corrupt wealthy men that used their power over workers to gain political power.

Abuse of entrusted authority, bribery, embezzlement, fraud, nepotism, and other forms of illicit activities that undermine the integrity and effectiveness of local governance.

This is because of investments that were happening at the time as the population and technology grew.

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Political bosses provided welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support.

Garner votes for the parties in thier districts.

Improved labor laws led to this decrease.

Insisted that freedom was a social condition resting on interdependence, not autonomy. He defined nationalism as government control and distribution of economic resources.

A faction of the Republican Party that advocated for the civil rights of African-Americans. They were in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage

They were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.

An act which prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace. It outlaws any contract, conspiracy, or combination of business interests in restraint of foreign or interstate trade.

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history. They increased the tariff on food and essentials.

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) in 1887, which monitored the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states. It was created in an attempt to ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable prices to transport their goods while preventing favorable shipping.

Established cooperatives for storing grain. They hoped to hold their product while waiting for carriers to take their product at a fair price.

Workers for the government had to take a civil service exam for job placement.

Supreme court ruled that the Granger Laws were unconstitutional because state regulation of freight rates was an attempt to control interstate commerce, which was the job of Congress.

Organized workers of all skill levels to improve social conditions. members included anyone who "toiled" or worked with their hands including African Americans, women, men, but no Asians.

The AFL's founder and long-time president. He believed that Unions should not seek economic independence or form independent parties in hopes of achieving power in government. he argues that they should devote themselves to negotiating with employers for higher wages and better working conditions for its members.

An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention. It argues that economic success is inhibited when governments are involved in business and markets.

Theorized that wages "naturally" tended towards a minimum level corresponding to the subsistence needs of the workers.

Ranchers used the plains to feed cattle because public land was free to use. This occurred in Texas, Kansas, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.

A religious revivalist campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets like Neolin and Tenskwatawa.

December 29l 18890, soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers encamped on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. About 150-200 Indians (Mostly women and children) were killed.

The U.S. government broke up Native lands into smaller parcels and distributed it to Native families with the remainder being auctioned off to white purchasers.

• Natives who received the land had to live on it for a certain amount of years (~20 years) before it became theirs, far longer than what their white counterparts had to wait (~5 years).

• This led to the loss of land and Indian cultural traditions.

Encourages white settlements in the West, damaging the Native populations and cultures.

This was the single most important agent of economic growth during the Gilded Age. They facilitated the speedy transportation of raw materials and finished goods from coast to coast.

An example of big business that was made possible by Captain of Industry Andrew Carnegie. It helped fuel industrialism in America and the manufacturing center was Pittsburgh.

The idea of natural superiority of some groups to others. This was used to explain the success and failure of individuals and social classes. Darwinists believed that the government shouldn't interfere in this natural process where corporations which were more adapted to their environment thrived.

The people believed that large corporations made workers worse by training them in only one specific skill. They also used cutthroat tactics in order to destory the competition.

They believed the captains of industry of financial trickery, such as cornering and watering stock, and of political corruption and the bribing of legislatures

Most Americans did not view striking union workers favorably. Many Americans saw the strikes as disruptive and threatening to the stability of the economy. The strikes often led to violence and clashes with law enforcement, which further contributed to negative public perceptions. Business owners, in particular, viewed the strikes as challenges to their authority and profits.

Working conditions were often dangerous where the laborers didn't have many rights are safeties. many in the lower class also lived in poor conditions like in Tenement Slums.

Eliminated the irregularity and wastefulness of unregulated markets.

Low wages. As companies grew larger in the late 1800s, the owners of the companies lost contact with the people who worked for them. The owners of big factories would often never know most of the people who worked for them.

The rapid growth of the manufacturing industry created a great need for unskilled workers, drawing people in because of the chance for opportunity.

Tenement slums were built for the poor urban workers.

Called for creating jobs for the unemployed. This stemmed from a severe depression beginning in 1893, which led to an increased conflict between capital and labor.

They believed it would increase the amount of currency, decrease the values of debt, inflate the currency, and raise farm prices.

federal government gave annual pensions for Union Civil War veterans who had retired; Reformers hoped to have it backed by something more permanent (Money).

Republicans nominated him as he appealed to the Northern protestants, the middle class, freed slaves, and "Old Stock Citizens".

Passed in 1897, it was an act to provide revenue for the government and to encourage the industries of the United States.

1896, both Democrats and Populists joined to support him for presidency. He called for free silver, condemned the gold standard (It was too high), and championed a government helping ordinary Americans (Socialist ideology)

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee criticizing the gold standard and supporting the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

A socialist who was the leader of the Pullman Strike of 1894. They were jailed in this strike.

Part of the populist movement who engaged the energies of thousands of reform-minded women with farm and labor backgrounds.

Advocated an expansive, protectionist government that promoted economic development and the moral welfare of the state.

Promoted social programs, labor unions, consumer protection, workplace safety regulation, equal opportunity, disability rights, racial equity, regulations against environmental pollution, and criminal justice reform.

Embraced modern technologies (Railroad, telegraphs, and the national market) and pushed for the federal government to regulate them in the public interest.

The largest citizens' movement of the 19th century. Farmers sought to remedy their poor condition. This party would later evolve to be the populist party.

A labor union founded by Samuel Gompers which focused mainly on unskilled workers.

In Pennsylvania, Carnegie Steel used Pinkerton Security to break the strike (Known as Scabs). The public opinion of unions is positive.

In Chicago Pullman cut wages, but refused to lower rents in the "company town". Eugene Debs head of the American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, the strike achieved nothing.

1882. Barred Chinese from entering the U.S. It was the first time the U.S. banned an entire group of people based on race.

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them. Japan did this because they didn't want to face the same outcome as the Chinese.

The U.S. could intervene with the military when they saw fit in Cuba.

1916. This act promised Philippine independence. They were given freedom in 1917, but their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S., Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Called for free trade and less influence in China. most nations declined the policy.

The Yellow press was led by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer that created sensationalized accounts of crime, political corruption, and expansionism to appeal to patriotic sentiments.

Many believed that American participation in the destruction of Spanish rile would lead to social reform and political self-government.

Led the fight against Spanish and American colonialism.

Led by Carrie Chapman-Catt. They called for suffrage for women to counter the "ignorant foreign vote".

He emphasized vocational education over political equality. He urged blacks to not try to combat segregation. Because of this, whites tended to side with Brooker.

The Supreme court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites as long as the facilities were equal.

As the most disadvantaged rural southerners, black farmers suffered the most from the region's condition. Blacks owned less land in 19000 than they had at the end of Reconstruction.

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies.

The founder of Hull House in Chicago, which provided housing for poor immigrants.

Numerous poor and illiterate whites lost the right to vote: Poll tax, literacy tests, property requirements, and grandfather clause.

Anti-imperialist league argued that empire was incompatible with democracy. This was led by Carnegie, Grover Cleveland, and Mark Twain.

U.S. went to war with Spain to win Cuba's liberty and freedom. In the Teller Amendment, the U.S. declared they had no intention of annexing Cuba.

• Admiral George Dewey defeated a Spanish fleet at Manila Bay.

• Rough Riders took San Juan Hill in Cuba.

Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.