Ch. 25 & 26 TEST

• North Carolina

• University Students

• Sat at a lunch counter reserved for Whites and finally got served after 5 months

• Reflects the slow pace of change regarding racism

• Began and array of demonstrations

• Launched by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• Groups on interstate buses and trains tested if people still followed segregation in areas

• Assaulted several times

• Caused legislation to order buses and terminals to desegregate to pass

• Launched by MLK

• Birmingham, Alabama

• The children filled up the jails

• The violence spread throughout the country and the world

• President Kennedy then endorses the movement

• 250,000 Black and White Americans march in the capitol

• Organized by many organizations

• Largest public demonstration in the nation’s history

• Goals: Public-works program to reduce unemployment, increase in minimum wage, and to ban discrimination in employment

• Limitations: The movement was mostly male and had limits to “tone down” the words

Americans volunteer to aid in economic and educational progress in developing countries

For Latin America: Promoted “political” and “material” freedom

• Loaned over 20 billion to those that would promote democracy and social reforms (Marshall plan)

• FAILED since the people in charge were greedy

• Fidel Castro starts trading with the Soviet Union

• CIA trained Anti-Castro exiles for an invasion (under Eisenhower)

• Kennedy launches the invasion, but it FAILED.

1961 - Berlin Wall goes up in Berlin

1962: Spy planes discover that the Soviet Union was installing missiles in Cuba, capable of reaching the US

• Kennedy imposes a “quarantine” of Cuba and took the missiles away

• USSR agrees and the US removes the missiles in Turkey

• Good ending

• Under Johnson’s presidency (he was broke when he was little)

• Prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions, and public accommodations

• Civil Rights Act does not address the right to vote in the South

• Civil Rights groups launch a voter registration drive (Mississippi)

• The federal government did not work to protect people’s rights as violence met the campaign

  EFFECT: The creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

• Senator from Arizona

• VERY conservative

• Wanted to continue fighting the communists

• Abolition of Income Tax

• No public welfare or social security

• Defeated during the presidential election

• Summarized the beliefs of conservatives in the past decades

• Limited government

• TERMINATE COMMUNISM

A voting rights campaign by MLK in Selma and Montgomery. Police came out to assault the protest, so it gained publicity. Also known as “Bloody Sunday”.

Allowed federal officials to register voters and outlawed discriminatory voting practices, allowing Black Southerners suffrage

• No quotas or race restrictions for immigration

• Racially neutral

• Family Reunions

• Extension and further implementation of the New Deal (domestic)

• Target on Poverty: Office of economic opportunity (self-help programs for impoverished Americans), Medicare & Medicaid (medical insurance for the retired and impoverished)

• The Vietnam War was going on at this time, sucking up funds

• Golden age of liberalism

• Headed by Earl Warren

• Further expanded liberalism

• Ended racial segregation

• Birth Control, Abolished prayers, Voting districts

  NAACP v. Alabama: Southern laws cannot have laws aimed at destroying civil rights organizations

• Ludwig v. Virginia: Interracial marriage is constitutional

• Miranda v. Arizona: “Miranda Warnings” are a standard police practice

• Engel v. Vitale: Reinforced the wall between church and state by making prayers and bible readings unconstitutional

• Many encounters between Black residents and the police

• Poor, young Urban Blacks in segregated communities, unemployment problems, and police serveilance

• Harlem: 1964 and Watts: 1965

• The uprisings in urban cities resulted in deaths and arrests

• The government blamed violence on segregation, poverty, white racism, and encouraged a federal investment into Black communities

• Insisted that Blacks must rely on their own efforts rather than working with Whites (self-defense)

• Return of Marcus Garvey

• Spokesman for the Nation of Islam

A slogan of the Civil Rights movement and a symbol for the issues Blacks face

• Increase in pride for the culture

• Radical young activists

• Allowed people to come together

• Advocated self defense in response to police brutality and the release of Black prisoners who unfairly got sentences

• Ran by young people

• Fell due to internal disputes and the FBI

• Student protesters, aimed for societal change

• Vision: Participatory democracy where all citizens participate individually instead of electing people who elect

• Created the Free Speech movement

Although America didn’t know anything about Vietnam’s culture, many still didn’t want to go to war, so they protested by:

• Burning draft cards

• Marching in anti-war demonstrations

• Sit-ins

• Mostly peaceful protest

Allowed the President to “take all necessary measures to repel armed attack”

• Basically a Blank Check

• Allowed for Johnson to attack Vietnam BRUTALLY and INHUMANELY

• Written by Betty Friedan

• Articles on discrimination, racism, and feminism

• Struck well-educated women who were undermined by marriage and kids

• Made women “wake up to reality”

Created to achieve equal opportunity in jobs, education, and political participation

Mattachine Society - battled the stigma and assumptions

Stonewall Inn - A gathering for homosexuals, raided by the police. They fought back against the harassment of the public and the police

Led nonviolent protests to pressure growers to agree to contracts with the United Farm Workers.

• Mobilized Latino communities

• Focused on labor struggles such as low wages and working conditions

• National Indian Youth Council - Used tactics from the Civil Rights movement

• Restored fishing rights

• Called for self-determination and restoration of the things that were guaranteed within treaties

• Nonviolent protesting, takeover of Bureau of Indian Affairs, and occupied Wounded Knee

A publication by a Marine Biologist that showed how insecticides killed ALL LIFE.

• Environmentalism and the awareness of consumption began to develop

North Vietnam launches troops and uprisings in South Vietnam, causing the Americans to face a heavy loss

• Public confidence is shattered in the Johnson administration

• No one wants to be involved anymore

• They stopped sending troops down to Vietnam

Warren Burger: Federal court-of-appeals judge

• Started the conservative turn and criticized the Warren Court

• BUT, using busses, they hoped to achieve integrations in schools

• EFFECT: Many Whites believed that the government was too powerful and a surge in enrollment in private schools followed

• Affirmative Action is put into place

• Rejected fixed quotas, but believed that race could be a factor

• Banned discrimination based on disabilities

• Rehabilitation Act: Put effort into allowing disabled people to fully participate in Society, ALSO required many accommodations in public spaces

• Contrast with Eugenics

Froze nuclear warheads and limited missile usage between the US and the Soviet Union.

• Nixon preferred stability and peace with the communists, began the period of detente and peaceful coexistence

Withdrew American troops in South Vietnam, but continued bombing

• Nixon’s “secret plan” to end the war

• Massacres all over Cambodia (even though they’re not involved)

• Protests on college campuses beyond elite universities

• My Lai Massacre: Civilians are killed by American troops

• Pentagon Papers: Exposed lies from the government

• War Powers Act: Required the President to seek congressional approval for the commitment of troops overseas

• Final withdrawal of American troops

• North Vietnam gets South Vietnam and it is the end of bombing and the draft

• Vietnam Syndrome: US fear to commit troops anywhere

• 5 former employees break into the Democratic Party Headquarters

• Nixon tries his best to cover it up, but people don’t trust him anymore

• He even paid the burglars

• Showed an abuse of political power

• LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN THE GOVERNMENT

• War between Israel and Egypt + Syria

• Long oil lines, limits to oil, conservation of energy, reduced heat and lighting

• Alaska and Wyoming get their big break through oil and coal

• OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Inflation

• Unemployment

• Stagnating Economy

• High Oil Prices

• Corporations eliminated well-paying manufacturing jobs

• Left many abandoned factories and unemployed people

• Raised poverty rate

• Manufacturing centers rebuilt

• Population flowed to the Sunbelt in search of more jobs

A nuclear plant in Pennsylvania releases a large amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere, also releasing skepticism and the rise of the environmental movement

• They don’t expand the nuclear industry

• Carter brings the leaders of Egypt and Israel to go the Camp David to make peace agreements

• Improved relations with latin America

• Salt II

Iran: Supplied oil and imported military equipment

• Shah is overthrown, America takes the Shah in, hostages get caught

• Made Carter seem helpless

Afghanistan: Soviet Union sent troops to support them

• Example of declining power in South Vietnam

• Carter Doctrine: The US will use military force, if necessary, to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf

• Evangelical Protestantism

• Jimmy Carter was a devot Christian

• Christians were alienated from Society, so they started a “war on sin”

• Designed to eliminate obstacles for women in the public life, especially working women

• STOP ERA movement was for stay-at-home wives who didn’t want these policies or thought that it didn’t apply to them, led by Phyllis Schafly

• Put the US back to where it was

• Lower taxes (Barry Goldwater)

• Delete welfare “cheats”

• Improve the economy and the inflation