AP Human - Models & Theories

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. Stage 1: very high CBR and CDR, low NIR Stage 2: still high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR Stage 3: rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR Stage 4: very low CBR, low/slightly increasing CDR, 0 or negative NIR

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Stage 1: infectious/parasitic disease, animal/human attacks Stage 2: receding pandemics, higher sanitation Stage 3: decrease in disease deaths, increase in aging chronic disease death Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 of DMT as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.

people conquered areas, spreading the English language

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European language occurred through farmers from Turkey/Anatolia (before Kurgans) -Colin Renfrew

An ethnic group living the western Pyrenees and along the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France, also the name of their language.

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.

cities have more than one CBD, which is a remanence of colonialism

The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

The science of making maps

refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

The spread of something over a given area.

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

the frequency with which something occurs in space

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

a change in shape, size, distance or direction of a map when projected

the arrangement of a feature in space

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development

0 degrees latitude

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.

An area organized around a node or focal point

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data in layers

A system that determines the absolute location of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

lines run east to west

lines that run north and south

the position that something occupies on Earth's surface

The study of where and why human activities are located where they are

the study of physical features of the earth's surface

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

The physical character of a place

the location of a place relative to other places

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

a map showing the surface features of an area; elevation

the name given to a place on Earth

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison.

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized.

an equal-area, composite map projection used for world maps. Normally it is presented with multiple interruptions.

a cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain the accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

a map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

the spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

The scientific study of population characteristics.

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

A complete enumeration of a population.

The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans.

An area of Earth that does not have permanent human settlements

sparsely populated land types

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

The number of people per unit area of arable land

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

Number of males per 100 females

a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth

the policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate

government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

Three major kinds of push and pull factors

largest flows of migrants

movement from one region of a country to another

movement within one region

the average location of everyone in the country

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

a person who comes into a country to live there