Chapter 24

 substance in food that the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair

Nutrient that is essential for health body function and accounts for 60% of the total food we eat.

5 main nutrients

macronutrients: [3]

Micronutrients: [2]

40 molecules that diet must provide. Cannot be produced fast enough by the body.

If not enough of these nutrients are available in the body, the liver can convert into another nutrient if needed.

Nutrients are used by cells to: [4]

Most nutrients in the body are metabolized and transformed into what?

Nutrient that accoutns for 65% of total calorie intake.

Two kinds of carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates that we need in diet. Comes from bread, cereal, crackers, flour…

Carbohydrates that might be avoided in diet. Sugars, candy, fruit, ice cream…

Indigestible carbohydrates:

Nutrient that comes from animal and plant sources, makes up about 20-35% of caloric intake.

Type of lipid that is created by the liver, we don’t need to take it in (should consume as little as possible)

Nutrient that accounts for 12-20% of total caloric intake. Building blocks are amino acids.

Proteins that come from eggs, milk, milk products, meat, soybeans

Proteins that come from legumes, nuts and seeds, grains and cereals, and vegetables.

Organic compounds that are crucial in helping body use nutrients:

Role that a vitamin that when they act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical task

All vitamins can be ingested, except [3]

Why is a balanced diet important concerning vitamins?

Types of vitamins in body based on solubility: [2]

Fat-soluble vitamins: [4]

All fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, except vitamin ______

Vitamins that cannot be stored in the body. If they are not used within an hour, are excreted.

Dangerous substances that are produced during normal metabolism. Vitamins counter-balance them and they are no longer dangerous.

Vitamins C, E, and A along with selenium neutralize free radicals They are called:

Minerals required in moderate amounts: [7]

System that ensures proper levels of minerals in the blood is maintained, to prevent toxic overload:

Sum of all biochemical reactions inside a cell involving nutrients

Metabolic process involving synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

Metabolic breakdown of complex structures to simpler ones

Three key catabolic processes involved in cellular respiration:

Process of deriving energy from the food we eat. Results in the breakdown of food fuels to form ATP.

How can energy (glucose) be stored: [2]

Describe stage 1 of metabolism

One of two things can happen in the cytoplasm of tissue cells during stage 2 of metabolism:

Most substances that get broken down during the second stage of metabolism end up as what?

Describe stage 3 of metabolism:

The body’s “go-to” energy source is

Hormone that assists glucose to get into cells. Released by pancreatic islet cells

effect of insulin on protein synthesis:

process happening in the liver. Breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose into the bloodstream. Increased blood glucose levels

Process happening in the liver. Creation of new glucose from other substences. Resulting in more glucose being released into the blood stream.

Processes stimulated by glucagon: [3]

Body’s most concentrated source of energy:

How are products of fat transported for the most part?

Main lipid used for energy:

What pathway of cellular respiration do fats feed into?

Functions of lipids, excluding energy source: [6]

Why does the body require amino-acids?

Excess proteins cannot be stored. They are either: [2]

How are amino acids used as an energy source? [through which organ}?

Metabolic functions of the liver (it has over 500, but name ones mentioned in class)