APHUG Unit 5

planting and harvesting of domesticated plants and raising domesticated animals for food

a plant that is deliberately planted, protected, cared for, used by humans, genetically distinct from wild

an animal that depends on people for food and shelter, different from the wild in looks and behavior

study of earth’s physical characteristics and processes

soil, topography/landforms, climate

the upper layer of soil, nutrients are absorbed through plant roots which allow plants to survive

arrangement of shapes on earth’s surface (mountains, valleys, plains)

average pattern of weather, 30 yr period, in particular region

day to day atmospheric conditions effect daily decisions

average 80 degrees F , along near equator,

rains every day of the year, limited agriculture, small scale, tropical rainforests

seasonal reversal of winds, onshore (summer) & offshore (winter)

brings monsoon rains

long periods of heavy rains everyday at end of short dry season

deserts, hot year-round, extremely cold in winter months

receives less than 10 inches of rain

10-20 inches of rain , enough to support farming, droughts

75 degrees F, 2 seasons (summer and winter)

long hot summers & short and mild winters variable perception

the western coast, has a moderate climate, longer summer less humid, ocean breeze brings warm air & polar winds bring colder

around the Mediterranean sea & California coast, mountains block winds from oceans

large range of temp & moderate precipitation, away from oceans, interior of continents

4 seasons, dramatic changes in weather patterns (heatwaves, tornadoes, snow)

subarctic climates, frigid temp year-round

high levels of labor

planting small gardens & raising a few animals to use for family/local villages

crops sold in local, regional, or global markets; hired workers, lots of money to run farms

small-scale farming in which a farmer plants a few acres that produce a mixture of vegetables & fruits, sold

type of market gardening, grows a single crop, limited crop diversity

large landholding. specializes in a single crop, vast flat areas near coastal regions

process of growing the same crop on the same piece of land every year

diversified system based on cereal grains, root crops, herd livestock; small villages live on edge of the field

seeds that come from a wide varety of grasses cultivated around the world

vegetables grown underground, digged out (yams potatoes)

small scale farmers, rely on own fields, family labor

system of wet rice cultivation on small levels bordered by water-tight dikes; humid tropical, terraced hillsides

intensive (according to textbook) extensive (uses hundreds of acres) production of cereal grains

intensive system of animal feeding, limits movement & weight loss of animals; large feedlots, vast holding pens, slaughterhouses

fenced enclosure for feeding, fattening livestock for slaughter, meat-producing regions

specializes in breeding, utilization of livestock to produce milk & various products, feedlot systems, small (100 cows) or large (5000); buildings for storage & milking

crop cultivation and livestock rearing, little hired labor or investment

cultivation of plot of land until it becomes less productive, rotation system; several small clearings & abandoned land

cutting small plots in forests, burning cuttings to clear ground and release nutrients (lasts for 10-20 yrs before moving on)

different crops share same clearing, benefits each other

system of breeding and rearing domestic animals by moving them over expansive areas of pasture lands (vertical/transhumance & horizontal); less permanent imprint, visible when herders are stationary

semi-arid regions, large lands to raise large herds of livestock to sell meat, hides, wool; hundreds of acres of land, open range

area located outside towns and cities, not many ppl

small groups of ppl living outside of an urban area

area used for agricultural production

Ohio to Dakota, vast fields of corn

long walls that contain and control water necessary for growing rice plant

large storage facility for grain, owned by corporations (Grain farming)

nobody lives in, planting and harvesting are done with hired crews who commute (Grain farming)

round/square tower-like structure that stores feed for livestock (dairy farming)

ways in which ppl organize themselves on land

tightly bunched settlements, center of farm operations

center of farm operations (farmhouse, barns, etc.)

families live distant to each other

building arranged in line alone river or road, long-lot pattern, farmstead at one end (closest to transportation)

land surveys use to lay out property lines, resulting in survey patterns/land division patterns

systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries

natural features used to delineate property bounds (trees, streams) less rectangular

grid of square shapes townships with 6 mile sides, equal squares

basic rectangle unit, long and slim, along a road or river (water/transportation source)

a long-term process where humans selectively breed, protect, and care for unique plants and animals taken from the wild to create genetically distinct species

diffusion of plants and animals, hunter gatherers to farmers

before animal domestication, selective breeding (growing seeds of the healthier plants)

large wild grass, produced by small ears of maize,

corn, let to protection & seed selection

process of domestication developed independently at different locations and diffused

animals and humans depend on each other (cow, pig, sheep, goat)

centers where new practices develop and form which the new practices spread

largest # of animals domesticated, home to Sumerian and Harappan civilizations

origin of great cereal grains, first animal domestication, 1/3 hearth regions for domesticated cattle

highlands of Tibet & along the border between Pakistan and India; first to use animals to help w/ plow

the domesticated form of dry rice and strains of wheat; 1/3 domestication of cattle

domesticated rice, soybeans, sugar cane, pigs

domesticated bananas, taro

domesticated root crops before seed plants

1/3 region of cattle domestication, a mixed stock with Indus river valley

domesticated peanuts, yam, coffee, strains of barley wheat, and rice

domesticated maize, corn (very important)

domesticated maize, tomatoes, beans, squash

domesticated root crops

domesticated potato, squash; llama, alpaca, guinea pig, muscovy duck

widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human population, tech, disease, ideas; relocation diffusion

phenomenon of near genocide of native populations

potatoes diffused to parts of Europe and became a large part of European diets. potato blight (infection) caused millions to starve in Ireland

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of produce; tools developed, fertilizers, pesticide

used for planting or sowing seeds equally, more efficient than normal

took seeds out by hind & scattered in wide area while walking

broke up soil/turned soil over so fresh soil w/ nutrients prepared, pulled by oxen (iron parts, cast iron plow, steel plow)

machine used to harvest grain crops mechanically, pulled by horses, cut and bundled grain; increased yields by 10 times

harvesting cutting grain, hand tool w/ long curved blade

used for plowing, planting, cultivating, fertilizing, and harvesting crops; heavy, difficult to transport

small lightweight source of power , saving on manual labor

provide farmers w/ shipping and hauling to/ from farms, affordable access

ship perishable food (meat) over greater distances

chemical compounds made from petroleum & natural gas used in agriculture

general term for industrially manufactured nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium; increased crop yields

materials such as animal manure, ashes, decayed organic material