history exam

L’anse aux Meadows

oldest European settlement in the Americas, founded and abandoned by the vikings

1492

Christopher Calombus landed in the Bahamas (which he thought were the indies)

Christopher Colombus (3)

• Columbus and his brother, Bartholomew thought they could find new trade routes by sailing into the indies across the “ocean sea” (there was a clump of islands and lands, Columbus thought it was india so he named it the indies).

• The Portuguese refused to fund his voyage so the Spanish ended up doing so in the end.

• His Voyage started in 1492.

Doctrine of Discovery

if no christians inhabit the land, it is free to claim

1534

Jacques Cartier makes his first voyage to Canada

Jacques Cartier (3)

• explorer who named canada, traded furs and met with Donnacona Chief at Stadacona

• made 3 voyages

• mapped gulf of st. Lawrence

1608

L’habitation (present day Quebec) was founded by Samuel de Champlain

L’Habitation

First permanent european settlement in North America built by Samuel De Champlain, present day Quebec City

Samuel De Champlain

french explorer who founded L’habitation, later known as, Quebec City

Ville-Marie

One of New France’s most important trading post, present day Montreal

Henry Hudson

discovered hudson’s bay, marooned mutinied and never seen again

1670

The Hudson's Bay company was founded

Hudson’s Bay

Founded in 1670 by the British as a major trading post, particularly for furs

Ruperts Lands (2)

• land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company

• it's the Hudson’s Bay watershed

Nonsuch

Ship of Radisson and desgroseillers courrier de bois

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty signed in 1713 ending conflict between the french and british, ending french expansion and giving french territory to the britis

New France

the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris

Acadia

acadia was a french colony captured by the British during the war of spanish succession, present day nova scotia

Acadians (4)

• Acadians developed their own identity. They had become a people that were culturally distinct from the French and Canadians of New France.

• British tried persuading them to move back to France, but the Acadians didn’t want to so instead they swore the Oath of Allegiance

• they prospered

• Acadians remained neutral

Expulsion of Acadians (6)

• begins again in 1754

• Acadians asserted a desire to be neutral, Lawrence decides that the Acadians must be deported

• Evacuation was brutal and poorly planned

• Houses and barns are burned

• Most are sent to the 13 colonies, some sent to England

• Continual deportation as the British captured more French territory

The seven years war (3)

1756-1763

• Rivalry between Britain and France

• leads to, expulsion of the Acadians, colonization, and the battle of Abraham.

• Treaty of paris ends war 1763

Battle of the Plains of Abraham (3)

• In Sept. of 1759, Britain fights for Quebec

• Battle takes place just outside of the walls of Quebec

• James Wolfe-British General, Louis Montcoin-Fre

James Wolfe

British general who fought and died during the battle of the plains of Abraham

Marquis De Montcalm

French general who fought and died during the battle of the plains of Abraham after making the pivotal mistake of fighting without his whole army.

Pontiac (3)

• Odawa first Nations war chief who fought and allied with the French during the battle of the Plains of Abraham

• Took 9 of 12 British forts

• Eventually signed a peace treaty with British for hunting grounds

Articles of Capitulation: during 7 year war

granted extraordinary rights to the Dutch settlers, including freedom of worship

Treaty of Paris 1763

ended the seven years war and put a stop to the French colonization of North America

The Royal Proclamation

Issued in 1763- british wanted to keep peace with First Nations peoples to avoid future wars with the goal to keep seperate from each other and negotiate to give them land for expansion and to try and decrease French speaking residents

Sir Guy Carleton

While Carleton was governor he believed that for military and political reasons, it was more valuable to maintain the support of Canadiens, rather than trying to win the support of a few British merchants.

Quebec Act

Sir Guy Carleton (Governor of Quebec) made this act. The British Parliament passed it which gave many benefits to quebec and French Canadians, making them happy but making Britain mad

No taxation without representation (2)

• July 4th 1776 Slogan that the 13 colony used against the british

• british were over taxing useless things in order to pay for the seven year war which they had started.

Boston Tea Party (2)

• On december 16th, 1773 over 100 men led by Samuel Adams disguised themselves as first nations and destroyed 1 million dollars worth of tea in today's money

• Part was closed until damages were paid

Treaty of Paris (1783)

It ended the American War of independence. It favoured the goals of American negotiations. It recognized their right to exist independently. Ended french Colonization

Constitutional Act (5)

• It recognized that there were two dominant groups in the colony: French and English. (Leaving out the First nations)

• The two groups had different religions, political and legal outlooks, and economic and land-owning traditions.

• Carleton created two separate colonies:

  • Upper Canada (Ontario)

  • Lower Canada (Quebec)

• In these colonies they were able to maintain their own language, regulations, laws, land-owning eyestems, and religious institutions, and have it's own capitol city.

Upper & Lower Canada

Carleton created two separate colonies: Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec). Both were able to maintain its own language regulations, laws, land-owning system, religious institutions, and have its own capital city

Why was the Constitutional Act needed? (3)

• When the Loyalists came to BNA it changed the demographics.

• It increased the number of English-speaking population and increased the demand for land. They demanded democratic rights that seemed radical compared to the traditional and conservative way that the Canadiens were living.

• So Sir Carleton decided to revisit the Quebec Act and revising it's terms to meet the new needs. Then the Consitutional Act of 1791 was born.

War of 1812

Americans thought that Britain was against their political and economic goals, so they tried to rid north america of british influence. eventually this caused war, which began when upper canada was invaded. canada offered metis and first nations land to help them fight in the war against america which led to the british win. British did not keep their end of the bargain so the “gradual civilization act” was passed to assimilate first nations

Tecumseh

the leader of the Shawnee First Nations, residing in the Ohio Valley. Joined forces with Sir Isaac Brock in the war of 1812 to help fight off america

United Empire Loyalists (6)

• Not everyone living in the 13 colonies agreed with the revolutionaries

• Those who remained loyal to Britain were called the United Empire Loyalists

• Many had been forced to flee, leaving behind their land, homes and possessions

• Some went back to Britain or other British colonies

• Many (about 100k) Loyalists settled in British North America during this time, mainly in Nova Scotia and Quebec

• So many Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia that they demanded political autonomy and, in 1784, the colony of New Brunswick was created

Underground Railroad (5)

• Even though Black Loyalists (formally slaves) were promised freedom in British North America, slavery was still practiced until 1834

• Not as popular in the Southern US

• Mainly occurred among Loyalists that had brought slaves with them to British North America

• After 1834, many slaves escaped the US, arriving in British North America via the Underground Railroad

• Network of safe houses that helped people escape slavery in the US

Fort Detroit (5)

• in the War of 1812, a group of American politicians from the South (War Hawks) decided to try to permanently rid North America of British influence

• they  joined forces with Tecumseh

• Together, they planned an invasion on Fort Detroit

• On August 16, they attacked

• Fort Detroit surrendered almost immediately, even though they had more men, as General Hull was terrier by the cries of Tecumseh’s forced

1837 Rebellion

Upper and Lower Canada had tried to pass laws to change what they currently had to a responsible government, but these laws were denied by the Executive and Legislative Councils. because of this, radical groups in both Upper and Lower Canada formed a rebellion. This ended december 8th with many rebels imprisoned or hung for treason

Responsible Government

the government is held accountable to their voters who can either vote to support the government, or to vote in a new government

Lord Durham

He was sent over as the new governor general to give ideas for solving problems that led to rebellions. Two main suggestions:

1. Make a responsible government for canada to prevent future rebellions

2. Uniting Upper and Lower Canada into one colony with the goal of assimilating the French. (He described them as a people with “no history and no literature”)

Act of Union (3)

1841, United Upper and Lower Canada into one large colony

• The Province of Canada

• Lower Canada turned into Canada East

• Upper Canada turned to Canada West

They had a United Government, having equal representation in government.

However they didnt not always work well together, it led to shut down proposed billed from the other side.

Metis

Metis are an Indigenous group that trace their lineage to the fur trade and the relationships between Europeans and First Nations people.

Haudenosaunee

A.k.a. Five nations, iroquois, allied with the British against the french and other first nation groups

Jean De Brebeuf (2)

• Came from France, wanted to convert Indigenous population

• Ultimately killed by the Haudenosaunee

Colonialism

the policy or practice of getting full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically

Monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service. person has control or one company has control over the item and are able to sell it at any

Mercantilism

The idea of a country importing raw materials at a low price and exporting products at a high price to accumulate wealth. It allowed only the English to sell goods like fur goods so they were able to sell it at a high price although they had gotten the furs for a low price

What are the wars and which treaties ended them?(4)

• war of spanish succession - treaty of utrecht

• seven year war - treaty of paris 1763

• american revolutionary war - treaty of paris 1783

• war of 1812 - treaty of ghent

Why did Europeans want to sail west of Europe? What were they trying to find?

An alternative route to asia after the original method, the silk road, collapsed

Why is the battle of the plains of Abraham extremely influential to the course of Canadian history?

The british won, and shortly after the treaty of paris 1763 was signed ending the 7 years war and the french colonization of north america ended

Though the war of 1812 was a draw, why are the First Nations considered the losers?(2)

• They fought in exchange for the head of british forces, sir Isaac Brock’s promised to support the shawnees’s claim to the ohio valley

• after the war the british “forgot” their promise and the land was given to colonist

How are the initial interactions like between the Europeans and Indigenous peoples?

initially good, until intention and unintentional genocide (due to diseases)