Chapter 3: The Organic Molecules of Life

________, such as synthetic testosterone, can be used to increase muscle mass.

________ are coated with chitin, and this protects them from attack by soil fungi.

________ has a triplet code called codons, and every three bases stands for one of the 20 amino acids in cells.

________ has one less oxygen than ribose.

________ and deoxyribose, with five carbon atoms, are significant because they are found in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.

________ are the primary components of fats and oils.

In living organisms, carbohydrates are almost universally used as a(n) ________ source.

In animals such as insects, crabs, and lobsters, chitin is found in the ________ or exoskeleton.

Glucose, with six ________, has a molecular formula of C6, H12, O6.

Branching subjects a polysaccharide to more attacks by ________; therefore, branching makes a polysaccharide easier to break down.

________ are of primary importance in the structure and function of cells.

________ classified as lipids are varied; however, they all share the characteristic of being hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

Because chitin also has antibacterial and ________, it is processed and used in medicine as a wound dressing and suture material.

Monosaccharides, and carbohydrates in general, often possess many polar- OH ________, which make them soluble in water.

________ holds the two strands together and is very important when DNA makes a copy of itself.

________ acts as an energy carrier in cells.

________ are known as simple sugars because they have only a single sugar molecule.

A(n) ________ can contain thousands of different organic molecules.

Hormones, such as insulin, control the storage and ________ from liver cells.

________ is found in a variety of organisms, including animals and fungi.

________ are liquids at room temperature because they contain unsaturated fatty acids.

Foods contain ________, the type of biological molecule that forms the genetic material of all living organisms.

________ is a disaccharide that contains two glucose subunits.

________ may contain one or more secondary structure regions within the same chain.

________ can not easily pass through the plasma membrane and are kept (stored) within the cell.

________ contain a phosphate functional group.

Each ________ contains many genes, which specify the sequence of the amino acids in proteins.

The ________ determines a proteins final three- dimensional shape and, thus, its function.

________ between nearby peptide bonds maintain the secondary structure of a protein.

The ________ is determined by how the individual polypeptide chains interact.

The ________ are held parallel to each other by hydrogen bonding to form strong microfibrils, which are grouped into fibers.

In chitin, each ________ has an amino group (⏤NH2) attached to it.

Also known as the "________, "it is the carbon chain of an organic molecule.

The term ________ may refer to a single sugar molecule (monosaccharide), two bonded sugar molecules (disaccharide), or many sugar molecules bonded together (polysaccharide)

The accumulation of ________ in the blood vessels causes a disease called atherosclerosis; atherosclerosis contributes to high blood pressure and heart attacks.

____ differs from DNA not only by its sugar but also because it uses the base uracil (U) instead of thymine.

________ and oils are degraded during a hydrolysis reaction, in which water is added to the molecule.

________ is a chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.

A chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere and is an essential component of _________-containing molecules such as amino acids and nucleic acids.

Element with the symbol O and atomic number 8, which is essential for respiration and combustion.

A ___________ is a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

A __________ is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers.

A ___________ is a complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. They serve as a source of energy and play a structural role in cells. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Chemical messengers secreted by glands that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

A ___________ is a type of fat molecule composed of three fatty acid chains and a glycerol backbone. It is the main form of fat storage in the body and can be found in foods such as oils, butter, and meat.

________ are synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of testosterone in the body, promoting muscle growth and increasing athletic performance. However, they also have numerous negative side effects, including liver damage, infertility, and mood swings.

A _______ is a short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

A __________ is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and is a type of protein.

__________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of RNA molecules into smaller components, such as nucleotides or oligonucleotides.

___________ is a molecule that carries genetic information and is responsible for the inheritance of traits in all living organisms. It consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.

A __________ is the basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.