APUSH - Unit 3

1754 - 1763 [ Treaty of Paris]

17th and 18th century, a lot of competition + conflict between European Powers

- Especially between England and France (1754-1763)

- Conflict between England and France spills over to territories in North America.

- French Forces allied with Native Americans.
E.g Economically: Fur Trading

- Expanding British colonial population threatened these trade networks.

- British invade French territories and French lose (took long since British army very disorganized)

- France give up Quebec

Trading of fur for European goods, crucial economic activity which was important for shaping the relationships between French and Native Indians Tribes.

(1754)

Key event, an attempt to come together to organize a coordinated colonial government to help in war effort.

- Recruiting troops; collecting taxes

(Unsuccessful, but it set a standard that colonies could come together if they needed to in the future)

1754

1) Established Great Britain supremacy in North America

2) Great Britain questions abilities of colonists

- Results: Salutary Neglect is abandoned (Britain becomes more powerful in monitoring colonies)

- Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1764)

3) Continued desire for colonial expansion

- Colonists proud of efforts during war.

- Proclamation of 1763: British set limits for colonial expansion, to prevent future conflict with natives (Angers Colonists)

4) Need for British to raise more money, war is expensive.

Key: Britain becomes more strict with colonists, colonists see this as a threat to liberty.

1763

British-produced barrier to prevent British colonial expansion, in an effort to prevent future conflict with Native Americans.

Conflict between Native Americans and colonists: British send their own troops rather than relying on colonists. Shows: Great Britain questioning abilities of colonies

Tax on Sugar; required colonial merchants to pay taxes to import sugar

Required colonists to house and feed soldiers

Required all important pieces of paper in colonies to have a British stamp that came from Britain.

- Basically a tax on stamps.

- First direct tax on colonists, directly affect everyone.

Declarated that parliament (government) had right to make whatever taxes/laws they wanted, for the colonies. (An act to declare that they could make more acts)

Colonies became more pissed off.

Key individual: Patrick Henry

- Colonies were being taxed without being represented in British Parliament. (They didn't have a say on taxes since they weren't represented in British Parliament)

1) Sugar Act (1764)
2) Quartering Act (1765)
3) Stamp Act (1765)
4) Declaratory Act (1766)

1) Townshend Acts (1767-1768)

- Another round on taxes, on various colonial products.
- Tea, glass, paper Key: became more personal

Result: Colonial response becomes more intense


Results:
1) Boston Massacre (1770)

Colonists harassed group of soldiers in Boston that were collected taxes, soldiers fire on colonist and kill.

2) Boston Tea Party (1773) Colonists drop tea in Boston harbor in rejection of tax on tea.

1770 - Colonists harassed group of soldiers collecting taxes. They end up getting shot and killed.

1770

1773 - Colonist dump tea in Boston Harbor in rejection of Tea Act.

1773

Revolved Around: Intolerable Acts

Coercive Act (1774)
- Closed Boston Port,
- Prohibit export and imports
- Reducing power of Massachussets government

Quebec Act (1774)
- Expand Territory of Quebec
- Make it like a province of England.
- Took it from colonies ownership. Full territory of Great Britain.

Result: Colonial Anger - took away territory from colonies.

Close Boston Port - Prohibiting exports and imports - Reducing power of Massachussets government - Expansion of Quartering act, since more soldiers coming to colonies.

Expand territory of Quebec - Sort of made it a province of England. - Took it from colonies ownership - colonial anger, took away territory from colonies.

- 1) First Great Awakening - Challenging existing state of religion

- 2) 7 Year's War (French and Indian War)

- 3) Taxation Without Representation

- 4) Enlightenment - Challenging existing state of politics

A) Rationalism - Human reason is the key to understanding the world

B) Human Rights - All human beings have certain rights (John Locke)

C) Social Construct
- Government is a contract between people and rulers. Government only have power because people agree to let them lead. (Jean-jacques Rousseau)

Advocated for Natural Rights

Advocated for Social Contract

Colonists begin to rethink relationship between themselves and British monarchy.

- Common sense (Thomas Paine)

Author of Common Sense

- Advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies.

Geographic: Small island vs. Big continent

Political: Questions right of manarchies to rule

Period where people questioned old ideas and started listening to reason, science and individual rights more than before.

1774 - "Meeting in response to ""Intolerable Acts"" -

3 groups of people:
1) Radical
2) Moderates
3) Conservatives

- Key: People during First Continental Congress did not favor Independence"

1774

Large response to England

Medium response to England (wait and see)

Mild response to England (British through and through)

1) Immediate Removal of Intolerable Acts

2) Boycott British Goods

3) Restore colonial rights (restore rights Colonists believe they deserved)

4) Meet again in 1775 if 3 actions were not met (They were not met) Important

Key: First continental congress was rejected.

1) Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts (Win)
Warned by Paul Revere

2) Bunker Hill (Loss)

Rode into the countryside to spread news of British troop movement.

1775

- Split between declaring independence and peace negotiation with Britain. - Eventually begin to favor independence more.

1775

July 4, 1776

Declared independence from Britain

- Called for basic rights and freedom.

"Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness"
" All men are created equal"

1775 - 1783

Sides:
- British Force (Not colonial British)
- Loyalists (Those who maintained allegiance to Britain)
- Patriots (Those who favored independence)

- Obviously, a siginfiicant military and financial advantages for Britain.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)
- Major turning point for war.

1) First war Colonist don't loose

2) Europeans join (France, and later Spain/Netherlands encouraged to join Patriot forces)

Yorktown (1781)
- Patriot Victory
- 1783: Peace of Paris

1775-1777

Major turning point for war

1) First war Colonist don't loose
2) Europeans join (Encourages France, then later Spain/Netherlands to join Patriots)

1781

Patriot Victory
- Peace of Paris (1783)

1783

- End of Revolutionary War

- A) United States of America is recognized as Country (Recognized by Britain)
- B) Western boundary up to Mississippi River British remain control over what is Canada today, France and Spain control the rest.

Example of women participating in American Revolution

- Helped organize boycott against British goods

Idea that women needed to teach children values and beliefs of new republic.

E.g Ideas of Democracy, overthrowing government, social contracts, enlightenment ideas.

Before revolutionary war, 13 colonies had different governments.
- Legislative Branch
- Executive Branch (Governor)

Many states began to write their own constitutions.
Point: there was no US Articles of Confederation:

First attempt at a Governing document; constitution (rule book).

First attempt at a national government.

- Key feature:
1) A single branch of government - legislative (congress)
- Unicameral

2) No executive or judicial branches

3) Difficult to enforce laws
- Powers given to congress: Wage war, make treaties, borrow money

- Powers NOT given to congress: Regulate trade between states, regulate commerce between states, tax.

KEY: WEAK!

Land Ordinances of 1785

Northwest Ordinances of 1787 Key:
- Outlined process for admitting new states west of Appalachian Mountains to the US.
- Prohibited Slavery in the region.

"System to sell ""western"" lands (West of Appalachian Mountains)

Subdivided land east of Mississippi river, divided into small squares, sold to people"

Once there is enough people in the western lands (see Land Ordinances of 1875), and enough Economic activity, can create a state.

Key: system where states could be created + prohibited slaves in those states

1) Could not enforce Peace of Paris
- Could NOT pay war debts
- Could NOT stop British forces from establishing military outposts in west.

2) Internal Economic Problems
- Could NOT regulate trade between states
- States put tariffs on trade in an effort to boost own economy
- Could NOT establishing, strong uniform currency
- Had to switch currency when switching states.

3) Internal Unrest (tension)
- 1786: Shay's Rebellion
- Farmers rebellion against economic policies
- Attempted to steal weapons
- No strong central army to stop rebellion.

Key: Many called for stronger central government.

1787 - Philadelphia

Sat down and signed the Constitution, to fix failures of "Articles of Confederation"

Objective: Draft a new governing document for US to replace Articles of Confederation"

1787

A) Representation in Congress (Legislative)
- Bicameral

B) Slavery
- Neglected, abolishing slavery was left up to states.

C) Trade
- Commercial Compromise

E) Election of Presidency - Electoral College

Representation based on population

Representation equal regardless of population, each state gets 1 vote.

1787 -

Compromise for Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
- Bicameral Congress:

- House of Representatives: Representation based on population
- Senate: Each state gets two members regardless of population

Key: Fixed Legislative branch

Debate #1: Should slave count in population?

Result: Three-Fifth Compromise
Result: Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person

Debate #2: Should slave trade continue?
Result: Leave it up to states

Congress can regulate intersate and foreign commerce

Each state gets "electors" equal to state's representation.

Electors vote for presidency.

Federalist = Supported Constitution
- Argued central government was needed
- Urban and Upper Class

Anti Federalist = Against Constitution
- Argued constitution limited democracy
- Argued limited rights of states and individuals
- Rural areas and lower economic status.

Ultimately: Amendment proposed, so everyone is on board now.

Key: Federalists add Bill of Rights to constitution to ensure individual rights and limit power of government.

Everyone only on board after Bill of Rights.

A change or addition to a document, constitution.

10 changes to Constitution right away.

Division of power between central/national government and state government.

Anything not included in 10 amendments or Constitution is regulated by State government or even local.

- National Government = Defense; foreign affairs
- State Government = Public safety; education

3 branches of Government:

- Legislative: Make Laws Include:
Congress (House of Representatives + Senate)

- Executive: Carry out and suggest laws Led by President

- Judicial: interpret laws Led by Supreme Court

Bill (Policy Idea)

- Each branch can limit powers of other branches.

Everyone has power over each other.

Example:
- Congress passes laws, but president can veto theme
- Supreme court can order president to enforce laws.

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press and Assembly (getting together)

No unreasonable search and seizure

Protects against having to testify against yourself (right to remain silent)

Right to trial by jury

No cruel and unusual punishment

Establishes Supreme Court with 6 members
- 1 Chief Justice - 5 Associate Justices

First secretary of the treasury

1) Pay off national debts and have national government take over state debts.

2) Put high tariffs on imported goods to encourage Americans to buy domestically-made products, to boost American companies.

3) Create a national bank
- Place to keep funds
- Centralize printing of money (keep money supply stable)
- National currency created: Dollar

1794

Congress passes tax on whiskey. Farmers rebel against tax - Federal government mobilize troops to end rebellion.

Unlike in Bacon's Rebellion (could be used for test)

1794

1793

U.S decides to be Neutral.

1793

1793

1794

Withdrawal of British military forces. Left navy issues unresolved.

1794

1795 -

Take over Florida, from Spain. Sets boundary for Spanish Florida. US gains more territory in Southeast.

1795

1) Do NOT form political parties (Factions)

2) Do NOT form permanent foreign alliances (Especially in Europe)

1797

- John Adams sends 3 diplomats to Paris with the code XYZ after French seize US ships.
- French demand bribes, outrages US. Almost leads to war.

1797

1798 - 1799

Authorized president to deport "aliens" (non-us citizens) considered dangerous.
Made it illegal for press to criticize president or congress

1798

1798-1799

Kentucky and Virginia Government declare "Alien and Sedition Acts" unconstitutional.

Argued that states have the right to declare federal acts unconstitutional, and thus, don't have to follow them.

1798-99

Only federal government could deal legally with Native Americans, lead to some treaties and negotiations.

However, mainly ignored by traders and settlers.
Result #1: Conflict
Result #2: Americans began to settle on more western land. - Leads to creation of new states.

Response: some Native Americans attempt to establish alliances with European countries, further enraging US settlers.

1794

In Ohio, Americans defeat tribes at Battle Of Fallen Timbers

Result: some Native Americans attempt to establish alliances with European countries, further enrages US settlers.