Unit 9

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but nuclear threats, competition, and proxy wars went on for years.

US had to contain the spread of communism, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology implemented containment policy.

formed in 1949 as a defense alliance and created the collective security that if one country in NATO was attacked (specifically by the SU) then the others would defend.

China had a civil war and ended up turning communist -> worried countries around China would fall to communism next

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. -> communism wasn't spread to South Korea

an economic extension providing universal health care system, protection of labor unions, and advocating for civil rights. Opposed by conservative republicans and southern democrats

increase in the birth rate following World War II.

a law that restricted the power of labor unions

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment

On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed this executive order establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military.

Truman (D) defeats Dewey (R) in a stunning upset. Truman was unfavored because of his support of civil rights

Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

-questioned the upholding of the first amendment when dealing with communist opinions

Passed by Congress in 1952, this law reaffirmed the quota system that had been established for each country in 1924. it placed immigration restrictions on communist countries

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage through the communist party by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

a Communist witch hunt started by Joseph McCarthy, helped motivate people to create the Hatch Act which made it illegal for the federal gov to employ a member of the communist party

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Us military officers who helped trained the SV army

Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control (surrounded the USSR as like a barrier)

Warns of connection between businesses and military; fear of military becoming too powerful

Eisenhower's government plan: "conservative when it comes to economics, more Liberal when it comes to social programs "

Ike backed the interstate highway act of 1956, a $27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways.

It was a cabinet-level department of the US government from 1953-1979. In 1979, a separate cabinet-level Department of Education was created from elements of this department.

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to where he immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

"Old Glory" could now proudly display fifty stars. Alaska attained statehood in 1959, as did Hawaii.

The first artificial satellite which was lunched by the Soviets

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

created during the space race to help US win over the SU

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power. The mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in John F. Kennedy's presidency.

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. Was resolved by US pulling missiles out of Turkey and SU pulled missiles from Cuba

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy won becoming the first Catholic president

first televised debate, poll results from this debate illustrated the visual power of television in American politics....people listening to the radio gave edge to Nixon and people watching television thought Kennedy won

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

a program of space flights undertaken by US to land a man on the moon

gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

Assassinated JFK

Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.

A preoccupation with wealth, material goods, buying and owning things in order to provide meaning in life.

Mother, father and children living as a unit (started to change)

middle class; white flight from urban areas due to black migration; government supported insurance for homeowners and builders

Schoolchildren practiced crawling under their desks and putting their hands over their heads to protect themselves from an atomic bomb attack.

a shelter to protect occupants from the fallout/radiation from an atomic bomb

• Became a necessity rather than a luxury

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); states rights for segregation should be upheld

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters.

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

A massive rally for civil rights highlighted by Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech.

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Abolishes poll taxes

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Struck down state's law banning interracial marriage as violation of the 14th Amendment equal protection clause (Warren Court)

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on nationalism to achieve true independence and equality

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. (war against poverty)

LBJ (D) beats Senator Goldwater who voted against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Federal program that provides medical benefits for low-income persons.

This department works on national housing needs. It helps give loans to poorer families to buy homes.

Federally funded program supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities; founded in 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere (more immigrants allowed)

Presidential succession incase US was under attack

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

the army of communist North Vietnam, which supported the Viet Cong in South Vietnam with troops and supplies

the southern Vietnamese soldiers with whom U.S. troops fought against communism and forces in the North during the Vietnam War

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

North Vietnamese were bombing and killing US troops -> US starting to lean towards war

bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight

a toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong hideouts

rule requiring men of a certain age to apply to a draft board and possibly fight in war. (very unpopular for Vietnam War)

Was a military defeat for North Vietnam, but showed Americans that victory was nowhere in sight.

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Believed in anti-materialism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs. sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam

-an excuse, issued by the draft board, that lets a person be excused from military

At Ken State massive student protect -> The National guards were called and they shot into the crowds at the campus. The gunfire injured 9 people and killed 4. 10 days later a similar violence occurred at Jackson State (an all black school) 12 were injured and 2 (both innocent bystanders) were killed.

lowered the voting age to 18

very unpopular because of the Tet Offensive, losing war

Martin Luther king was shot on a balcony by James earl ray

waves of civil right advocate riots due to the assassination of MLK

The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments