The French and Industrial Revolutions Study Guide

The french monarch guy when all the french revolution crap went down

Louis xvi hires new economics guy. The new guy says that the nobles better start paying taxes before france cripples from bankruptcy. Parliament disagrees, so Louis makes an assembly so that the economics guy can explain it to the nobles. Nobles say…no.

Louis xvi hires new economics guy version 2. The new guy says the the nobles BETTER START PAYING TAXES before france cripples and dies. King organizes a group of representatives (commoners included). Everybody is super hyped.

Basically a text saying that since the nobles had no function in society, they should have no political power.

Political rights should be representative of your contribution to the country :)

Before the estates general could actually commence, there was a fight about how the vote should be taken (taking a vote for how the vote should be taken?).

Commoners want the debate and voting in a single room

• They can see the voters

The nobles and the church want the vote to occur separately

• Only the final tally is shown

The commoners rally and go to the nearest large, unlocked room (tennis court) → form the National Assembly

• Declaration of Rights of Man

• Abolition of Feudal Privilege

• EVERYBODY IS TAXED THE SAME

• Establishment of constitutional monarchy (1791)  \n

In place for basically one year :o

Problems

• Serious threat of counterrevolution

• Anarchy

• Factionalism

The angry mob of Paris assumes that the King is returning to absolute power and they take to the streets and essentially take over Paris. Now Louis has to take back Paris.

So TYPICALLY, women would stand in line early in the morning to get bread, but the price of bread was skyrocketing. They also ran out of bread in the middle of the line. Ladies march out to Versailles and tell the King about how hard things are in Paris. (politely murder guards, politely break into Versailles, politely abduct King)

essentially kidnap him and place him on house arrest.

Wave of peasant riots at the beginning of French Revolution. Population rise + terrible harvest + general bad.

One of National Assembly’s policies. Delete the nobles and make one legal code for everybody

Pretty standard rights. For MEN by the way.

The Royal Family dress as commoners and try to escape France. Um, so the King dies since the postman recognized him.

1. Levvee en Masse

• Forces all young able-bodies men to join the military WITHOUT PAY

• A lot of teenage men like this

2. Revolutionary propaganda

3. Ban Christianity

4. The Reign of Terror

• Anybody that goes against committee is killed without trial

Spearheaded the idea of the Reign of Terror. “without the Reign of Terror, France would not be a successful country, much less a revolution”

~50,000 killed as a result of politically sanctioned violence

Basically Committee of Public Safety killing a bunch of guys for going against the “betterment” of society

• After the death of Robespierre

• All of the upset conservatives are called upon to settle the radical mobs

• Beat the mob back into submission

Directory sticks around thanks to this conservatives and moderates have reclaimed Paris

Too many checks and balances, nothing gets done

Moderate Constitutional Republic (no reforms)

Overall pretty unpopular

A cool, charismatic, italian general that entranced the hearts of the french people during the instability of the Directory and modern AP Euro students.

“The Revolution is over, I am the Revolution”

• Napoleonic Code

• Rationalized French Government

• Expands state government

Law written by mr. napoleon himself that list a number of rights for the french people.

1. Equality before the law (for men)

2. Uniform tax code

3. Uniform legal rights and protections

The Pesky British are at it. France decides to try and attack the british through the channel. Well this didn’t work and there was a complete british victory. Like by a landslide.

Possibly Napoleon’s greatest victory. Thousands of canons, thousands of horsies, thousands of guys. Austria dies and the HRE is no longer a thing (RIP)

Alliance of all the German states (not Austria or Prussia) with France

Poland that was blipped back into existence by Napoleon

Economic Warfare

• Ban all trade with Britain (including all other countries)

• Britain’s main market is the European market

• Backfire (hurt French economy)

Britain can just trade with the rest of the world

• Smuggle stuff

• Economic recession for many of Napoleon’s allies (Especially Russia)

Where Napoleon escaped from his time-out spot in Elba and tried to regain power. He did (since everybody still seemed to like him), but then he was sent away again.

When Napoleon tried to go north to defeat the British, but failed and was captured instead.

Putting Europe back together again.

Goals:

• Peace and Stability

• Make sure no more kings have heads cut off

• Contain France + Balance of Power

Great Powers Represented

• Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, France

Mechanism

• Redistribute conquered French territory to beef up other continental powers

Maybe one country shouldn’t absolutely dominate the other countries???

• Austrian conservatives

• Nations don’t have to change, we can just kill everybody that disagrees

General consensus between the great powers of Europe that balance of power should be maintained.

HYPER CONSERVATIVE ALLIANCE

• Austria

• Russia

• Prussia

Key technological development during Industrial Revolution. Helped power many different machines and factories.

New industry during the Industrial Revolution. Allowed faster transport on land

Helped connect bodies of water through a country so that trade and transport is much easier

A tax that is placed on certain imports or exports (tariffs on international trade mean that the nation needs to start being able to self-sustain.

Economic theorist:

• Supply and demand

• Markets are the most rational way of distributing stuff

→ markets left to their own devices, will be stable

Economic theorist:

• Poverty is the natural condition for the working class

“all attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages perforce would remain near the subsistence level.”

• Social Change - poor people angy

• Mounting Debt (~12,000,000,000 Livre) - ouch

• Inefficient Tax System - corrupt tax collectors

• Enlightenment Ideas

• Limits to Royal Authority

People wanted change and it escalated from there. We got the Girondins to the Jacobins

Was a charismatic, smart general who quickly rose the ranks. He gained political power in the Coup D’etat, where he essentially rose as dictator.

A lot of land to France or allied with france.

• Morale - willingness to endure hardship + risk death

• Mobility

• Decisive Battles

Tried to use economic warfare where Napoleon forced other countries to stop trading with Britain, but didn’t work very well…

New civic codes, built education systems, etc.

Is literally a dictator.

Continuous defeats, also a lot of countries hated his guts.

• Peace and Stability

• Make sure no more kings have heads cut off

• Contain France + Balance of Power

Netherlands - Independent

Rhineland - Prussia

German States - Independent

Northern Italy - Austria

Southern Italy - Independent

Poland - Russia

Major strength =

• international balance of power

• same page (revolutions are bad)

• next years, no wars

Weaknesses

• no national identities of the people that are moved around

• Island nation

• Coal and Iron reserves

• Waterways

• Deforestation

• House of Commons - wealthy non-nobles (bourgeoisie)

• Push laws in favor for capital

• Agricultural revolution

• Access to capital

• Protect capital through insurance

• Accumulated capital from 100+ years of colonialism

• Wealthy investors fund new industries

• Spread of world trade

Key Techs

• From Cottage industry to the Factory Model

• Coal

• Steam Engine

• Mechanization

• Increased Iron Production

• Railroads!!! (1804)

Cottage Industry

Factory

Problems - Political division, serfdom in east, separation of resources

Solutions -

• The Zollverein (1834) (customs union)

• Government financed Railroads

• Government funded Universities (important later)

• No agricultural revolution, traditional rights of peasant protected by French Revolution, no enclosure

• Limited capital: Landlords unwilling to invest in industry

• Subsistence farmers lack cash for consumer goods  → no market :(

Industrialized countries gained power

successful - Germany, Belgium, U.S., France, Northern Italy :D

\n somewhat - Austria-Hungary, Netherlands :/

failed - literally everywhere else :(