Biotechnology Chapter 4 BioRad

Organism whose genome has been modified by genetic engineering.

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

the uneven ends of a double-stranded DNA molecule that has been cut with a restriction enzyme

the even ends of a double stranded DNA molecule that is cut with a restriction enzyme

Circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the main chromosomes of bacteria

enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together

A technique used to create multiple copies of a piece of DNA

to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule

Method of separating various lengths of DNA strands by applying an electrical current to a gel

A procedure that analyzes DNA fragments to determine whether they come from a specific individual.

The joining of nucleotides or DNA together

A common method of DNA fingerprinting, the comparison set of restriction fragments produced by DNA from individuals

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Used to make the wells in the gel

container with a gel tray and electrodes used to separate molecules

Supplies power and runs up to 2 to 4 gel eletrophoresis chambers

DNA fragments are cut up, DNA fragments are then put into the gel, electric current is ran through the gel, organizing the DNA fragments from smallest to largest

the slight negative charge of DNA reacts with the positive electric current, with the DNA organized, it is then put back together in a easier way to be analyzed

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Positive electrode

Negative electrode

straight line

small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

A laboratory instrument used to measure, dispense, and transfer very small amounts of liquid.

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

the double helix is __________________ because it runs 5' -3' and 3' -> 5'.

restriction endonucleases

An enzyme that cleaves its nucleic acid substrate at internal sites in the nucleotide sequence.

conduct electric current

kind of virus that infects bacteria

Software used to determine a restriction map / fragments

Medium size E. coli bacteriophage. This DNA has 48,502 base pairs and is linear

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

one axis is linear, the other is logarithmic

known sized fragments of DNA used to determine the sizes of other pieces of DNA on a gel

A graph that shows an average, a trend, or a pattern in the data

Pieces of DNA strand cut by restriction enzymes

a carbohydrate from seaweed that is widely used as a medium for horizontal gel electrophoresis

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

3 copies of a chromosome

missing a chromosome

a mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome