Studied by 41 peopleArthropod root words meaning
arthro = Jointed
poda = foots
Arthropods are the most diverse multicellular phylum, true or false?
True
What are some pros and cons of Arthropods?
Pros: Food source, pollinators
Cons: Disease, crop failure
What is the exoskeleton or cuticle comprised of?
Chitin
What is the process of shedding the exoskeleton called?
Ecdysis
What chemical (aside from Chitin) is in some exoskeletons to strengthen them?
Calcium salts
What are the segmented body parts of an arthropod called (Generally)
Tagmata (plural) or tagma (singular)
What are the 3 typical tagma of an insect?
Head, abdomen, thorax
What are some possible purposes for an insects jointed appendages?
Walking, claws, swimming, web spinning
(They’re highly modifiable)
How do all arthropods respirate?
The use of spiracles and a tracheal system
Why is metamorphosis, which is nearly unique in arthropods, beneficial?
Metamorphosis allows you to take advantage of multiple niches
What are the four extant subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda?
Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda
What is the extinct subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda?
Trilobata (went extinct ~250 mya)
What are the two possible kinds of appendages in arthropods?
Uniramous and Biramous
What two subphyla of Arthropoda have uniramous appendages?
Myriapoda and Hexapoda
What two subphyla of Arthropoda have biramous appendages?
Chelicerata and Crustacea
What kind of animals are in Subphylum Chelicerata?
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, and scorpions
What is the defining characteristic of Subphylum Chelicerata?
A set of venom deploying mouthparts referred to as “chelicerae”
What are the Classes in Subphylum Chelicerata that we need to know?
Class Xiphosaurida
Class Arachnida
Class Xiphosaurida (list Subphylum, animals, and characteristics)
In Subphylum Chelicerata
Includes Horseshoe Crabs
Characterized by a Telson (small tail)
Class Arachnida (list Subphylum and animals)
In Subphylum Chelicerata
over 100,000 + species, including spiders, scorpions, whip spiders, ticks, and pseudoscorpions
What are the orders in class Arachnida we need to know?
Order Araneae
Order Scorpoinida
Order Solifugae
Order Opiliones
Order Acari
Order Araneae (List Class, animals, and characteristics)
Class Arachnida
Includes Spiders
All are predators with venom and simple eyes and they can spin silk (they have special silk glands)
What are the Genuses in Order Araneae we need to know?
Genus Latrodectus
Genus Loxosceles
Genus Latrodectus (Toxin kind)
Neurotoxic
Genus Loxosceles (Toxin kind)
Myotoxic
Order Scorpionida (List Class, animals, and characteristics)
In Class Arachnida
Includes Scorpions
Members are nocturnal, thignotactic
All are carnivores with pedipalps to invenomate
They carry their babies on their backs
What does Thignotactic mean?
That a creature prefers living in tight places
What are pedipalps?
An extra set of pincers on some members of Subphylum Chelicerata (including Class Scorpoinida) that is used to invenomate prey
Order Solfugae (list Class and animals)
In class Arachnida
Includes camel spiders
Order Opiliones (list Class and animals)
In Class Arachnida
Daddy long legs (also called harvestmen)
Order Acari (list Class, animals, and characteristics)
In class Aracnida
Includes Ticks and Mites
All have fused tagmata, and are big vectors for several diseases (including lymes disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, spontaneous meat allergies)
What kind of animals are in subphylum Myriapoda?
Millipedes and centipedes
What do the roots of Myriapoda mean?
myria = many
poda = feet
“many feets”
What are the Classes in Subphylum Myriapoda?
Class Chilopoda
Class Diplopoda
Class Chilopoda (List Subphylum, animals, and characteristics)
In Subphylum Myriapoda
Includes Centipedes
Are violent, venomous predators with 1 pair of legs per segment, and are dorsoventrally flattened.
Class Diplopoda (List Subphylum, animals, and characteristics)
In Subphylum Myriapoda
Includes Millipedes
They have 2 pairs of legs per segment (minus the first 4 segments which have 1), they decompose leaf litter, and they exude a noxious musk
What kind of animals are in subphylum Crustacea?
Copepods, Barnicles, shrimp, Isopods, crabs, lobsters
What are some defining charactersitcs of Subphylum Crustacea?
2 pairs of antennae
Covered in a carapace
Biramous
What is a Chella?
The first leg or claw of a member of subphylum Crustacea
What Classes in Subphylum Crustacea do we need to know?
Class Copepoda
Class Thecostraca
Class Malacostraca
Class Copepoda root words meaning
cope = oar
poda = foots
Why is class Copepoda important?
They are the bottom of many freshwater food webs
What subphylum is class copepoda in?
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Thecostraca (List Subphylum, animals, and characteristics)
In Subphylum Crustacea
Includes Barnacles
Sessile in adult form, motile in larvae
Class Malacostraca (List Subphylum and animals)
In Subphylum Crustacea
Includes crabs, lobsters, Isopods and shrimps
What kind of animals are in Subphylum Hexapoda?
Insects and springtails
What are the defining characteristics of subphylum Hexapoda?
3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
Uniramous
What classes in Subphylum Hexapoda are we supposed to know?
Class Entognatha
Class Insecta
What animals are in class Entognatha?
Springtails
What are the defining Characteristics of class insecta?
Very diverse (1 million described species)
3 pairs of wings and 2 legs
Waxy cuticle and closeable spiracles make for protection against water loss
Can go dormant to survive harmful conditions (diapause)
Use Pheremones
Go through Metamorphosis
What do Members of Class insecta have instead of blood?
Hemolymph (for nutrients and hormones, not O2)
What are conspecifics?
Members of the same species
What are the two kinds of metamorphosis?
Holometabolus and Hemimetabolus
What is Holometabolus metamorphosis?
A complete change in body form
What is hemimetabolus metamorphosis?
An incomplete change in body form
What is Polymorhpism?
When Members of a species develop roles and morphologies for these roles (in social insects)
Order Ephemeroptera (List Class, Animals, and characteristics)
In class insecta
includes mayflies
Indicator of water quality
Order Odonata (List Class, Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
In class insecta
includes dragonflies and damsel flies
means “toothy”
Have a long, hinged labrum
Order orthoptera (List Class, Animals, and root meaning)
In class insecta
Includes grasshoppers,crickets, locusts, and katydids
means “Straight winged”
Order Blattodea (List class and animals)
In class insecta
Cockroaches
Order Phasmatodea (List Class, Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
In class insecta
Includes walking sticks and leaf bugs
Means “ghost insects”
heavy camoflague
Order Mantodea (list class and animals)
In class insecta
Includes mantises
Order Plecoptera (List Class, Animals, and root meaning)
In class insecta
includes the stoneflies
Means “folded wings”
Order isoptera (List Class, Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
In class insecta
includes the termites
Means “equal wing”
Have a fused thorax and abdomen and are social
Order Hemiptera (List Class, Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
In class insecta
Includes the true bugs
Means “half wings”
Have a piercing, sucking mouthpart
Order Neuroptera (List Class, Animals, and root meaning)
In class insecta
Includes Dobsonflies, ant lions, and lace wings
Means “Nerve wing”
Order coleoptera (List Class, Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
In class insecta
Includes beetles
Means “sheath wings”
Most abundant species out of any animal order
Order lepidoptera (List Class, Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
In class insecta
Includes butterflies and moths
means “scale wings”
Have scaley wings and are holometabolus metamorphosizers
Order diptera (List Class, Animals, and root meaning)
In class insecta
includes flies and mosquitos
means “two wings”
Order Trichoptera (List Class, and animals)
In class insecta
includes caddisflies
Order Hymenoptera(List Class and animals)
In class insecta
includes ants, bees, and wasps
What phylum are fish in?
Chordata
What superclasses of fish in Phylum Chordata do we need to know?
Agnatha
Osteichthyes
Chondricthyes
Superclass agnatha (List Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
Includes Hagfishes and Lampreys
Means “without jaws”
Have 4 hearts and no bones
very old
Superclass Chondrichthyes (List Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
Includes Sharks, skates and rays
Means “no Bones”
Have a lateral line for sense
Placoid scales of dentin
internal fertilization
Have ampullae of Lorenzini (electro sensors)
Superclass Osteichthyes (List Animals, root meaning, and characteristics)
Includes all boney fishes
means “bony fishes”
All tetrapods descend from
Have a swim bladder
Endochondral bones (internal cartilage bones)
Have an operculum over gills
What are the two possible kinds of fishes in superclass osteichthyes?
Ray finned or lobe finned fishes
What are the filaments in gills made up of?
Lameli
What is catadromous migration?
Migration from freshwater to saltwater
What is anadromous migration?
Migration from saltwater to freshwater?
What is oviparous?
Egg birth
What is viviparous?
Live birth
What is Ovoviviparous?
live birth from internal eggs
Order Perciformes (List Class, Animals)
In Superclass Osteichthyes
Includes most freshwater fish
Family Percidae (List order and animals)
In Order Perciformes
Includes perch and darters
Family Centrarchidae (List order and animals)
In order perciformes
Includes sunfish and bass
Order Cypriniformes/ Family Cyprinidae (List Class and Animals)
In superclass osteichthyes
Includes Carps, minnows, goldfish and chubs
Order Lophiiformes (List Class and Animals)
In superclass osteichthyes
includes Anglerfish
Order Siluriformes (List Class and Animals)
In superclass osteichthyes
Includes catfish
Family Ictaluridae (List Order and Animals)
In order Siluriformes
Includes north american catfish
Order Amiiformes/family amiidae (List Class and Animals)
In Superclass osteichthyes
Includes Bowfinned fishes
Order Anguilliformes/ Family Anguilidae (List Class and Animals)
In superclass Osteichthyes
Includes eels
Order Salmoniformes/ Family Salmonidae (List Class and Animals)
In superclass osteichthyes
Includes salmon and trout
Note
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