English III 1302 2nd Semester Exam Review

The art of effective communication

Aristotle

a reliance on logic and fact, an attempt to discover the truth about a given topic or issue

reliance on emotion in an attempt to sway an audience to once side of the topic or issue

A topic and the creates opinion about that topic

Exordium, Narratio, propositio and partitio, Confirmatio, refutalo, peroratio

Hook, The art of grabbing the readers attention, More than likely to use pathos here

The story of the topic (Historical overview of the topic, data and research about the topic, recent developments)

Act together to make a thesis statement (Lays out the parameters of the discussion)

The heart of the argument (Body paragraphs) (The use of Rhetoric appeals)

Breaking down the others sides argument (Refutation)

The conclusion (Summing up your point without repeating what you already have said)

Focuses on the past (Mainly used in legal or criminal justice proceedings)

Focuses on the future (Mainly used in politics)

Focuses on the present moment

Pathos(Emotion), Ethos(Credibility, Trustworthiness), Logos (logic, fact)

Use of emotion

use of logic and fact

Ethics and credibility of the writer

gives credit with authors name and page number (Sanchez 17)

Gives credit with the author’s name, publication year, and page number (Sanchez, 2020, p. 17)

A condensed version of the information in your own words

the exact words of the original in quotation marks

a restatement of original ideas, in your own words

Works Cited

References page

The summary is in 3rd person.

an argument that cannot stand up to rational criticism

Misuses emotion, or tries to evoke an emotion from readers that is unwarranted by the evidence

Misuses character, either your character as the writer if the character of a source in an ethical way

Misuses logic or evidence

(appeal to fear), a scare tactic is when the writer tries to scare the reader into agreeing with the claim

A form of a scare tactic in which the writer will argue that one bad choice will lead to greater and greater negative consequences

A kind of scare tactic in which the writer makes a claim where only two options are available

when the writer will try to make the audience feel sorry for them in some way instead of proving the claim through more rational means

the bandwagon argument, an argument in which the writer argues that lots of other people believe this claim or are taking action and that is why you should as well

This fallacy occurs when the writer will attack the character of the opponent rather than their position on the issue

when the writer uses an authority to support the claim, but the authority is not actually authoritative on that issue

A writer is being dogmatic when they insist that their views are correct based on their authority or expertise

This fallacy occurs when a writer will try to prove a general claim with only one or two large pieces of evidence

This fallacy occurs when the writer will state a claim and then, instead of supporting the claim with evidence, simply repeat the claim (often in different words)

This fallacy occurs when the writer deliberately misconstrues or mischaracterizes the argument to make it easier to win

This fallacy occurs when the writer confuses causation with chronology

Occurs when the writer tries to distract from the actual issue

Twice, Intext citation and works cited page

Books, periodicals, Library Databases, Web sources

Reverse the authors name, putting the last name first. Omit any titles like Dr. Prof., etc. (Ex: Fernandez, Gilda)

If you have two authors, you will list them both. The first name will be reversed. The second will be in “Normal” order. (Ex: Fernadez, Gilda, and Raymond Zuniga)

If you have three or more authors, you will list just the first one (reversed) and then use the Latin phrase "et al." meaning "and the rest." (Ex: Fernandez, Gilda, et al)

Review of your paper by a peer or classmate

Carl Rogers (1902-1907)

The rogerian method rejects the winner/loser dichotomy commonly associated with argument, instead emphasizing empathy and compromise.

Let the other party know they have been heard and are understood

Recognize and politely articulate points with the other party’s argument we believe to be valid

Assure the other party that we both share similar values

The Introduction

The opposing position

Validation of the opposing position

our position

Validation of our position

the conclusion

You take a writers words verbatim and enclose them in quotation marks, using that quote as evidence in your writing.

A phrase that signals to readers that you are about to offer information that is not your own

Authors name and the page number where you found the information

Transition, quote or paraphrase, and the explanation

When a writer may find it necessary to omit some material that they want to directly quote. Anytime original content is removed or left out of a direct quote

Use three periods with a space before each period and a space after the last period

When a writer may need to add or alter material in a direct quote they wish tio insert into their own writing. Mainly used to clarify the meaning of a word or phrase, providing brief explanations, and help integrate the quote into the writers sentence.

State the topic you want to research, explanation on why you want to research it, discuss past experiences, discuss both sides of the issue, and state the preliminary claim or thesis.

Helps you become a better writer and see patterns in your work and guide you through recognizing and strengthening your weaknesses

Direct quotes and paraphrasing

A paraphrase is used when you take an idea from a source but restate it completely in your own words. Because it is in your own words, you will not use quotation marks. However, you must still give credit for the idea by citing it.

A Dow Chemical biochemist, Janice Smithers, warns that due to the unpredictability of the basic particles of the chemical furaldehyde, it should not be compromised (76). This is why chemistry students ought not use this chemical without extremely close supervision.

1) Capture all of the nuanced details of the original, in your own words.

2) Write in third person, giving proper credit to the author.

3) Because you are paraphrasing a particular detail of the original, even though it's in your own words, you will include the page number(s).

4) Do not offer your opinion in the paraphrase itself. All you are doing is reporting the original ideas in your own words.

5) Your opinion will come after the citation, the same way it does when you quote.

6) Use your own words entirely.

Specific observations of something in reality

No

Induction reasons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form a conclusion about all members of a class. A conclusion derived through inductive reasoning is called hypothesis and is always less certain than the evidence itself. In other words, the conclusion is probable

a step by step progress toward a conclusion based on premises or information

theory or a claim

syllogism

Major premise: General theory or assumption upon which you are basing the argument

Minor Premise: the specific case that you are looking at

Conclusion: The specific claim you are making

• Major premise: Vegetables are healthy.

• Minor premise: Broccoli is a vegetable.

• Conclusion: Broccoli is healthy.

Claim, grounds warrants, backing, rebuttals, and qualifiers

What we are arguing

the evidence that supports a claim

an assumption that fuels the grounds (Example: People want protective and affectionate pets)

Evidence for the warrant

Hook, Overview, thesis

American Psychological Association

paper format, in text citations and the works cited/references page

Papers title in bold, papers author, Authors institution, Course number and name, course instructor, due date

Abstract

A references list makes it easy for readers to look up sources we cite in our writing

Include page number flush right at the top of the page, the word references is typed in bold and centered atop the page, page is double spaced and all sources are alphabetized. A hanging indent

Books, Scholarly peer reviewed journals, trade publications, newspapers, general interest magazines, popular magazines.

Currency, relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose

a list of sources you read while doing your research accompanied by your own annotations of each

start the research process, ensure Credibility of the sources and get a head start on your reference page

an acknowledgement of an opposing perspective, or counterargument

a form of figurative language involving an intentional change in the ordinary meaning or usage of a word

Dont use like or as, and are usually worded in a way so that they are true.

Giving human characteristics to an inanimate object

exaggeration not to be believed but to convey intensity

involves intentionally and obviously making something seem less than it really is, for comedic effect, for purposes of modesty or for simple politeness

when we say the opposite of what we mean and the audience knows it

APA tends to frown on quotations preferring paraphrase and summary instead