Primary economy
Involves timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources
Intensive agriculture
Requires significant labor input or focuses on a small plot of land
Extensive agriculture
Involves limited labor input or spreads across large areas of land
Hunting and gathering societies
Earliest forms of agriculture
Transhumance
Seasonal movement to follow animal herds and native plants
Pastoralism
Agriculture based on seasonal animal movement
Nomadic herding
Communities drive herds between seasonal grazing areas
Ranching
Grazing livestock in a single large area
Monoculture
Common in early political civilizations, focuses on staple crops
Mixed farming
Single farm with diverse crops and animals for varied intake
Subsistence agriculture
Intensive mixed farming meeting all household needs
Physiologic density
People per unit of arable land, higher in third world countries
Food preservation
Necessity for survival via drying, pickling, and storage
Communism and Agriculture
Farming under communism done collectively, eliminating private land
Human ecology
Interactions with nature, including farming practices
Food chain
Predator order in the animal world, integrated with human inputs
Crop rotation
Planting different crops on the same land in successive years
Double cropping
Successive planting of two crops in a single plot in a year
Triple cropping
Planting three crops in the same plot in a year
Irrigation
Critical in arid climates, responsible for most freshwater use
Conservation agriculture
Preserving the environment while maintaining crop production
Sustainable yield
Maximum crop or animal production without resource endangerment
Alternative energy crops
Raised for industrial use or as animal feed, important for energy
Slash and burn agriculture
Farmers shift plots due to soil nutrient depletion in rainforest regions
Extensive pastoralism
Shifting animal herds between grazing pastures in arid regions
Desertification
Human processes turning vegetated areas into desert
Soil salination
Mineral salts trap due to water evaporation, poisoning crops
Cultural practices
Influence food growth methods, trade, and societal support
Agricultural Revolutions
Historical shifts in farming methods and productivity enhancements
Vegetative planting
Growing wild plant shoots, stems, and roots together
Seed agriculture
Collecting and replanting fertilized seed grains and fruits
Horticulture
Cultivating plant varieties for different soil or climate conditions
Hearths of domestication
Origins of early agricultural activities and domestication
The Columbian exchange
Relocation diffusion of domesticated New World crops
Second Agricultural Revolution
Technological advancements in agriculture post
Green Revolution
Introduction of tropical hybrids and chemical inputs in Third
Dwarf varieties
Important plant hybrid innovation for increased productivity
Pesticides
Chemical substances to control pests, diseases, and weeds
Third Agricultural Revolution
Inclusive farming approach and internationalization of industrialized farming
Genetic engineering
Manipulating genes to enhance agricultural productivity
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH)
Synthetic hormone used in beef and milk production to increase yields
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Plants or animals with altered DNA for desired traits
Downer Cattle
Ill or lame cows unsuitable for human consumption
Specialized Agriculture
Farming focusing on specific products or methods
Organic Farming
Growing crops without synthetic chemicals or genetic engineering
Fair Trade Movement
Focuses on fair payment to small farmers and artisans
Aquaculture
Farming aquatic organisms like fish or shellfish
Mediterranean Agriculture
Cultivation of crops typical to the Mediterranean region
Dairy Farming
Production of milk and dairy products
Milkshed
Region where fresh milk is delivered without spoiling
Women in Agriculture
Female role in agricultural production and challenges faced
Commodity Chains
Links from producers to consumers in product delivery
Inputs in Farming
Elements needed for optimal crop yield like fertilizers and tools
Avian Growth Hormones
Substances promoting growth in birds
Specialized Agriculture Options
Survival strategies during farm crises
Infrastructure in Agriculture
Essential for transporting agricultural goods
Von Thünen's Model
Land use based on labor intensity
Labor Costs
Equated to rent paid by peasants for land