Studied by 2 peopleCh 28: Reproductive System & Ch 29: Endocrine System
spermatozoan
male gamete (haploid)
ovum
female gamete (haploid)
zygote
result of fertilization (diploid)
mitosis
cell division in all somatic cells
mitosis function
replace/create new cells
mitosis results
2 diploid identical daughter cells
meiosis
only occurs in gonads
meiosis function
produce gametes
meiosis result
4 haploid daughter cells
main occurrence in meiosis I
homologous chromosomes separate
main occurrence in meiosis II
sister chromatids separate
3 functions of male reproductive system
produce gamets
produce male sex steroid hormone
deliver gametes to female
primary reproductive organ
testes
2 main function of testes
secrete testosterone
gametogenesis/spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis/gametogenesis
production of spermatozoa
testes develop near…
kidneys; descend through inguinal canal to scrotum
cryptorchidism
testes don’t descend; infertile
testis structure from deep to superficial
seminiferous tubule
tunica albugenia
tunica vaginalis
cremaster muscle
seminiferous tubule
~800 ft/testicle
tunica albugenica
maintains shape & forms lobules
tunica vaginalis
derived from peritoneum; “pocket”
cemaster muscle
derived from internal oblique (involuntary)
elevates testes in response to cold/sexual arousal
seminiferous tubule layers/structures from superficial to deep (inside)
spermatogonium (2n)
*Sertoli cells
primary spermatocyte (2nr)
secondary spermatocyte (nr)
spermatid (n)
spermatozoan (n)
spermatogonium
stem cells that become sperm; 2n
secondary spermatocyte
haploid with sister chromatid (nr)
spermiogenesis
conversion of spermatid into spermatozoa by adding acrosomal cap & flagellum
sertoli cells (5 fxn)
stimulates spermatogenesis
secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
protect & nourish developing sperm
form blood testes barrier
produce androgen binding protein (ABP)
leydig cells
produce testosterone
in interstitial space
spermiation
spermatozoa release connections to/from sertoli cells
3 parts to spermatozoa
head
midpiece
tail
head of spermatozoa includes
acrosomal cap & nucleus (n)
mid piece of spermatozoa includes
mitochondria
tail of spermatozoa includes
flagellum
spermatozoa characteristics
300 million sperms/day
only viable ~48 hours in vaginal tract
acrosome/acrosomal cap
filled with hydrolytic enzymes (proteases & hyaluronidase)
hormonal route (to the cell it influences)
hypothalamus (GnRH)
anterior pituitary gland (gonadotropin hormones)
testes
Leydig Cells (LH) & Sertoli cells (FSH)
male gonadotropin hormones include
luteinizing hormone
follicule stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone affects which cell in the testes & effects
leydig cells; increase testosterone
follicule stimulating hormone affects which cell in the testes & effects
Sertoli cells; produce androgen binding protein & inhibin
negative feedback loop from leydig cells
increased testosterone; depresses hypothalamus & anterior pituitary gland
general effects of testosterone in blood (from leydig cells)
prenatal male reproductive organ development
enlargement of sex organs
develop secondary sex characteristics
increase libido
anabolism/protein synthesis
increased rage/aggression
effect of androgen binding protein binding to testosterone
increase spermatogenesis
inhibin effects
inhibit anterior pituitary gland (decrease follicle stimulating hormone)
route of spermatozoa
seminiferous tubule
straight tubules
rete testes
efferent duct
ductus epididymus
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
what part of the spermatozoa route is in the testes
seminiferous tubule
straight tubules
rete testes
efferent duct
seminal vessicle (fxn & where does it feed to)
produces 60% of seminal fluid (fructose, fibrinogen, HCO3-, prostaglandin)
feeds into vas deferens
prostate gland (fxn & where does it feed to)
produces 25% seminal fluid (citricacid & proteolytic enzymes)
feeds into ejaculatory duct & urethra
bulbourethral gland (fxn & where does it feed to)
alkaline mucous
semen
spermatozoa + seminal fluid
seminal fluid
secretion s from seminiferous tubule, seminal vesicle, prostate gland & bulbourethral gland
typical ejaculate (quantity & # of sperm)
2.5-5 mL; 50-150 million
male infertility (# of sperm)
less than 20 million sperm/mL
2 reflex of penis
erection
ejaculation
erection
parasympathetic reflex
increase blood flow to erectile tissue
ejaculation
sympathetic reflex
contracts internal urethra sphincter
female reproductive system function (8)
produce gametes
produce female sex steroid hormone
receive gametes from males
site of fertilization
site of implantation
allow growth of embryo/fetus
deliver fetus/newborn
nourish newborn after birth
oogenesis
production of female gametes
primary female reproductive organ
ovaries
ovary function (2)
oogenesis
production of hormones (estrogen & progesterone)
ovaries held in place by 3 main structures:
broad ligament/mesovarium
ovarian ligament (medial attachment)
suspensory ligament (lateral attachment)
oogenesis begins (when) & to what extent
prior to brith
oogonium (2n) to primary oocyte (2nr)
at birth, how many primary oocytes in ovary
2,000,000- 200,000
at puberty, how many primary oocytes in ovary
40,000
typical ovarian cycle is how many days
28 days
phases of ovarian cycle & number of days
follicular phase (day 1-13)
ovulation (day 14)
luteal phase (day 14-28)
follicular phase
grow follicles in presence of follicle stimulating hormone
primordial follicle (flat follicular cells & 1 oocyte)
primary follicle (granulosa cells, zona pellucida, 1 oocyte)
secondary follicle (thecal cells, granulosa cells, antrum, zona pellucida & 1 oocyte)
dominant follicle
Graafian follicle (thecal cell, granulosa cells, large antrum & 1 oocyte)
granulosa cell function
produce estrogen, antral fluid & inhibin
antrum
fluid filled chamber
how large is a graafian/mature follicle
20 mm
ovulation phase events
increased estrogen stimulates GnRH & LH
LH surge
Graafian follicle rupture
LH Surge triggers (ovulation phase)
completion of meiosis I (2 oocyte at metaphase II)
rupture of antrum (ovulation)
ovulated structure (ovulation phase)
secondary oocyte with zona pellucida & corona radiata
picked up by fimbriae of uterine tube
viable for 24 hours
Luteal phase
ruptured follicular cells become corpus hemorrhagicum (temporary structure)
follicular cells become luteal cells & forms corpus luteum
corpus luteum viable for 14 days
corpus luteum produces (*key & function)
progesterone* (maintains endometrium)
estrogen (feel good)
relaxin (relaxes uterus; inhibit myometrial contractions)
inhinin (inhibit FSH to decrease follicular development)
what does corpus luteum become if 2 oocyte not fertilized
corpus albicans
2 oocyte travel route when ovulated
fimbriae of uterine tube
infundibulum of uterine tube
ampulla of uterine tube
isthmus of uterine tube
uterus
ampulla of uterine tube
site of fertilization (2 oocyte can complete meiosis II & fuse with spermatazoa to form zygote)
uterus
site of implantation
uterus held in place by (2)
round ligament (anterior)
broad ligament (mesometrium; lateral)
3 main layers of uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
perimetrium
serosa; part of visceral peritoneum
myometrium
smooth muscle; allows uterine contractions
stimulated by prostaglandin & oxytocin
contracts during childbirth, menstruation & orgasm
endometrium (2 layers)
stratum basalis (permanent)
stratum functionalists (temporary)
hysterectomy
removal of uterus
blood supply to uterus (artery)
abdominal aorta
common iliac artery
internal iliac artery
radial artery
straight arterioles
spiral arterioles
uterine cycle (# of days & phases)
28 days
menstrual phase (1-5)
proliferative phase (6-14)
secretory phase (15-28)
menstrual phase of uterine cycle
(in ovary) corpus albicans = decreased progesterone levels, increased prostaglandin = contraction of spinal arterioles & sloughing of stratum functionalis
menstrual discharge (volume & makeup)
50-150 mL
blood, tissue & mucous
proliferative phase of uterine cycle
(in ovary) follicle development = increased estrogen
increased estrogen in uterus = repair of endometrium/stratum functionalists & change fluidity of cervical mucous
secretory phase of uterine cycle
(in ovary) corpus luteum produces hormones
(in uterus) increased progesterone (increase endometrial gland growth & thickens cervical mucous)
increased estrogen, relaxin (inhibit myometrial contractions) & inhibit (inhibit FSH)
estrogen at low level has what effect (feedbacks)
negative feedback on anterior pituitary gland (inhibit LH surge)
estrogen at high level has what effect (feedbacks)
positive feedback on anterior pituitary gland (increase LH to promote LH surge)
estrogen function
promote development & maintenance of female reproductive system
anabolism (strong bones)
protective (prevent heart attacks, strokes & decrease cholesterol)
gonadotropic hormones
follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone
gonadal hormones
relaxin, inhibin, estrogen, progesterone & testosterone
which gonadal hormone is most prevalent in follicular phase/menstrual & proliferative phase
estrogen
which gonadal hormone is most prevalent in luteal phase/secretory phase
progesterone
when do estrogen levels peak (day)
day 12
when do luteinizing hormone levels peak (day) & what is it called
day 13/14; LH surge
when do progesterone levels peak
day 22
Note
Flashcard