Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

(plural = septa) refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers.

is visible on the posterior surface of the heart.

is visible on the anterior surface of the heart

is located between the atria and ventricles.

Also prominent is a series of fat-filled grooves

There is a superficial leaf- like extension of the atria near the superior surface of the heart, one on each side

In the case of the heart, it is not a microscopic layer but rather a macroscopic layer, consisting of a simple squamous epithelium called a

which is fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall.

The membrane that directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial cavity is called the

which return blood to the right atrium.

which leads toward the lungs and bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries.

transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation.

transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.

The human heart consists of four chambers: The left side and the right side each have

is the study of the heart, and cardiologists are the physicians who deal primarily with the heart.

Within the mediastinum, the heart is separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the pericardium, or pericardial sac, and sits in its own space called the

The slight deviation of the apex to the left is reflected in a depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung, called the

Enlarged hearts are not always a result of exercise; they can result from pathologies, such as

________ from the lungs is brought to the heart, and every other organ, attached to the hemoglobin molecules within the erythrocytes.

________ (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.

The sinus ________ develops into the posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus.

________ is the study of the heart, and cardiologists are the physicians who deal primarily with the heart.

________ is established by the sinoatrial (SA) node, a specialized clump of myocardial conducting cells located in the superior and posterior walls of the right atrium in close proximity to the orifice of the superior vena cava.

________ refers to the tension that the ventricles must develop to pump blood effectively against the resistance in the vascular system.

The ________ develops into the right ventricle.

The ________ will eventually divide and give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.

The ________ are additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to the myocardial contractile cells in the ventricles.

The ________ that occurs as the chambers fill with blood is called diastole.

At the base of the aorta is the ________ valve, or the aortic valve, which prevents backflow from the aorta.

The ________ that directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial cavity is called the pericardium or pericardial sac.

The ________ serves as the receiving chamber for blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation.

The ________ begins to form two strands called the cardiogenic cords.

The capillaries will ultimately unite to form venules, joining to form ever- larger veins, eventually flowing into the two major systemic veins, the ________ and the inferior vena cava, which return blood to the right atrium.

The ________ oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation.

The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the ________.

The larger anterior interventricular artery, also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the ________ arising from the left coronary artery.

The ________ deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which leads toward the lungs and bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries.

The ________ is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum.

The ________ blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation.

On the ________ of the heart, the right coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery, also known as the posterior descending artery.

12 cm (5 in) in length, 8 cm (3.5 in) wide, and 6 cm (2.5 in) in thickness

The left side and the right side each have one atrium and one ventricle

the parietal pericardium, which is fused to the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral pericardium, or epicardium, which is fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall

like extension of the atria near the superior surface of the heart, one on each side, called an auricle, a name that means "ear-like" because its shape resembles the external ear of a human

Located between the two atria

a flap of tissue

Between the two ventricles is a second septum

The septum between the atria and ventricles

a specialized structure that ensures one-way flow of blood.

The valves between the atria and ventricles

The valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Since these openings and valves structurally weaken the atrioventricular septum, the remaining tissue is heavily reinforced with dense connective tissue

The two major systemic veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae, and the large coronary vein

While the bulk of the internal surface of the right atrium is smooth, the depression of the fossa ovalis is medial, and the anterior surface demonstrates prominent ridges of muscle

Each flap of the valve is attached to strong strands of connective tissue

extends from the inferior ventricular surface.

ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium.

In addition to these muscular ridges, a band of cardiac muscle, also covered by endocardium

it is also known as the pulmonic valve or the right semilunar valve.

which prevents backflow from the aorta.

supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart.

Coronary vessel branches that remain on the surface of the artery and follow the sulci are called

arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left.

The larger ___ also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery.

An __ is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch.

The__ supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle.

also known as the posterior descending artery.

drain the heart and generally parallel the large surface arteries.

can be seen initially on the surface of the heart following the interventricular sulcus, but it eventually flows along the coronary sulcus into the coronary sinus on the posterior surface.

parallels and drains the areas supplied by the marginal artery branch of the circumflex artery.

middle cardiac vein parallels and drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular artery.

parallels the right coronary artery and drains the blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle.

parallel the small cardiac arteries and drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle.

which helps support the synchronized contraction of the muscle.

This impulse spreads from its initiation in the SA node throughout the atria through specialized

or the interatrial band that conducts the impulse directly from the right atrium to the left atrium.

is a second clump of specialized myocardial conductive cells, located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum.

are additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to the myocardial contractile cells in the ventricles.

This tracing of the electrical signal is

The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as the

The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation is called

The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood is called

is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.

The difference between maximum and resting CO is known as

During rest, both centers provide slight stimulation to the heart, contributing to

near the base of the heart.

Collectively, these inputs normally enable the cardiovascular centers to regulate heart function precisely

The cardiac centers monitor baroreceptor firing to maintain cardiac homeostasis, a mechanism called the

associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria.

refers to the tension that the ventricles must develop to pump blood effectively against the resistance in the vascular system.

appears on the anterior surface of the embryo.

The heart forms from an embryonic tissue

The heart begins to develop near the head of the embryo in a region

The cardiogenic area begins to form two strands called the

The two tubes migrate together and fuse to form a single

will eventually divide and give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.

develops into the right ventricle.

forms the left ventricle.

becomes the anterior portions of both the right and left atria, and the two auricles.

develops into the posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus.