Excretion + Circulation

1. Osmoregulation -- maintain H2O balance

2. Removal of toxic substances -- dilute these with H2O

Breaks down; hydrolytic reaction

To build, so synthesize; dehydration synthesis

Undigested waste, feces

Removal of metabolic waste, cell waste

Waste created through metabolism of cells

• CO2: cell respiration -- catabolic, breaking down of glucose

• H2O: cell respiration or any dehydration synthesis reaction

• Salt: neutralization reactions, acid + base

• Nitrogenous wastes: protein metabolis

Break down protein/amino acids and produces nitrogenous wastes

Breaks apart amino acids → ammonia

• Very toxic

• Must be diluted

  • To dilute -- 1NH3: 1,000,000 H20

    • then need to excrete out of the organism

  • Marine organisms

• Land organisms

• Ammonia → (convert) → urea

• Uses a lot of ATP

• to dilute - 1 Urea: 100,000 H2O

• Not soluble in H2O

• No/minimal H2O lost

• Large ATP cost

• Reptile, birds, insects, desert creatures (not camels)

• Comes out as a white paste

• Kidney

  • urine → urea, water, salt

• Liver

  • salt [bile]

• Skin

  • sweat (water/salt), urea

• Lungs

  • CO2, water

• Protects our body

  • Physical

  • Pathogens (disease-causing organisms)

  • Chemical protection

  • Radiation (melanin absorption/ UV)

• Thermoregulation – maintains body temperature

• Waterproof

• Sensations

• Vitamin D production

• Stores energy

1. Deamination → secretion of NH3

   NH3 → Urea

2. Creates bile

You can survive with one but it is better to have two

• Filter Blood – MAIN FUNCTION

  • Once the unclean blood enters, the kidneys filter it, and out comes urine and clean blood

• Regulates blood pressure

  • Through water retention (holds onto water)

• Red blood cell production (control of rbc production – don’t actually make them)

  • Monitors blood cell count

  • Erythropoietin (EPO) – a hormone that the kidney sends to the blood marrow to tell it to make more RBC

    • High altitude results in less oxygen in the air so your body needs to make more which makes more EPO and makes more RBC

• Regulates pH

Diet or genetics

external kidney, a machine does the filtering of blood for you and the clean blood goes back in

It makes about 1L of urine per day. If your urine isn’t clear, your a probably dehydrated.

• Fills up

• Has stress receptors on it telling you that you have to go to the bathroom

  • Not good to keep stretching out your bladder and letting it get full because it will lose its elasticity

  • Sphincter at the bottom prevents bladder from bursting

• Bacterial goes up the urethra

• UTI: bacterial infection of the urinary tract

  • If left untreated it could cause kidney failure

Functional unit of kidney that cleans blood and makes urine

• Filtration

• Reabsorption

• Secretion

• Happens between blood ball of capillaries (called glomerulus) and bowman's capsule

• Works because of blood pressure

• Passive transport – no energy used here

• Non-selective – don’t differentiate good vs bad

  • Sort by size

    • All the small stuff goes in the Bowman’s capsule (Urea, H2O K+, Amino acids, creatine, salt, glucose)

      • Glucose, amino acids, and H2O shouldn’t be thrown out and the body will have to take them back

    • Big chunky stuff like RBC and WBC remains in the blood vessels/capillaries

• Specific – use specific protein channel (passive)/pumps (active)

  • Passive and active depending on what you are going to use

• Tubule → blood

  • Take back the good stuff that got filtered and pull it out of the filtrate

• Substances reabsorbed

  • H2O – osmosis – passive

  • Glucose – active (w/ pumps)

  • Salt – X factor (can do anything) – passive/active

    • Body moves it around in order to move the water, changes tonicity

  • Amino acids – active

• Throw out more bad stuff (toxins/drugs)

• Blood → tubule

• Selective and active

Stuff in the nephron tubule, stuff that is supposed to be garbage

Blood is hyper and Bowman’s capsule is hypo so that water flows into the blood vessels

• Top part

• Less salty

• Distal tubule

  • Everything that’s left that’s good comes out, only waste should remain

• Bottom part

• Salty

• Loop of Henle

• Collecting duct

• Descending

  • Only permeable to water, eventually reaches equilibrium

• Ascending

  • Salt removal (active) to make the inside hypo

  • Not permeable to water

• Has extra channels in it that only open when ADH (antidiuretic – stops you from peeing) opens them so that water can come out

  • When ADH goes down, you pee more

  • When it goes up, you retain the water

  • Caffeine and alcohol blocks ADH causing you to pee more

• controls the rate of water excretion

• released for posterior pituitary gland

• acts when the body is in a state of under-hydration and needs to retain water

• causes more water to be reabsorbed by collecting ducts

Veins that bring blood to the right atria/heart

Receive blood from the body

Pumps blood to the whole body

Pumps blood to the lungs

Brings blood to the lungs, only deoxygenated artery

Only oxygenated vein in the body

Largest blood vessel, under the most pressure

Right side -- deoxygenated

Left side -- oxygenated

Can generate its own electrical impulse and can contract on its own. The heart is autorhythmic.

• Get O2, H2O, glucose, nutrients

• Removed CO2, nitrogenous (waste)

Through diffusion and active transport. It can do this stuff since it is in contact with the environment.

circulatory system

• Pump -- “heart”

• Tubes -- “blood vessels“

  • road ways

• Liquid - holds “stuff“ -- “blood“

• carry blood away from the heart

• Oxygenated

• high pressure

• carry blood to the heart

• Deoxygenated blood

• Low pressure

• next to every cell

• One cell thick

• Exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs in several ways

  • Non-polar molecules (O2 and CO2) diffuse through the epithelial cells of the capillary wall

  • Larger molecules may be carried across an epithelial cell in vesicles formed by endocytosis on one side of the cell and release their contents by exocytosis on the other side

  • Water and small solutes (sugars and salts) can move freely through the pores in the wall and narrow clefts between the epithelial cells making up the wall -- the capillary wall is leaky

how much force the blood is exerting on the walls of the arteries

Normal: 20/80

Systolic 20 means the heart is contracting/expanding

Diastolic 80 means the heart is relaxing

Because they have smooth muscles

Moves around blood and has the ability to dilate as well as constrict

They dilate to remove heat from body into the environment

Drinking alcohol increases this.

They constrict to maintain body temperature

Capillary

Veins are on the surface and arteries are deeper so that they are better protected.

The veins

It prevents backflow

It makes it hard to move blood valves however the wideness of the veins helps with that.

It is under pressure because it is narrow and you want it narrow so things move slower allowing diffusion to occur.

It acts as a buffer for the cells and allows us to maintain homeostasis

It allows for the maintaining of the concentration gradient by allowing diffusion to occur.

When the valve malfunctions so the vein twists on itself and goes to the surface of the skin.

Contractile-type things like muscles are next to veins so the moving muscles can squeeze the veins to allow blood to move. <-- voluntary

It dilates and thins blood

Inflate balloon to press plaque up against edge of blood vessel to create space

It is a faulty valve in the heart.

It means that there is sometimes backflow.

Up until a human reaches a certain age, it can fix itself. After that, you will need a valve replacement.

Area of the heart, lungs, ribcage, diaphragm

Membrane surrounding the heart

• fluid that lubricates heart results in less friction during heat beats

• Group of cells that act as the “pacemaker“

• Can be influenced by the brain

• the pacemaker which sets the rate at which all the muscle cells of your heart contract

  • Located on the upper wall of your right atrium

  • It generates electrical impulses

    • Sequence of electrical events in the heart

      • Signals from the SA node spread through both atrium so they contract in unison

      • Impulses pass to a relay point called the AV node (located between the RA and RV) which delay the signal about 0.1 second before the ventricles contract

      • Specialized muscle fibers relay the signals to the apex of the heart and up through the walls of the ventricles triggering the strong contractions that drive blood out of the heart

40-60 bpm

Cells die in heart due to a lack of O2 -- a blockage prevents the cells from getting O2 which kills them

• damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue usually as a result of blockage of blood vessels

  • Electrical shocks applied to the chest by a defibrillator may reset the SA node and restore proper cardiac function

    • AED (automatic external defibrillators): designed to be used by laypeople and are placed in public places where they are easily accessible

Take blood vessel (vein) from another part of the body to replace the one in the area of the heart attack to increase blood flow in that area.

Tells ventricles to contract

Shows the electrical impulse in the heart

• Provides data about heart health such as the existence of arrhythmias

  • Arrhythmias: abnormal heart rhythms including heart rates that are too slow or fast and fibrillations (flutterings) of the atria or ventricles

    • Fibrillations may occur in a healthy heart when drugs such as caffeine cause a group of cells to generate heart beats outside the SA node

Heart beat is too fast (180 bpm)

Heart beat is too low

It helps take over for a non-functional SA node

About 5L

• Transports O2

• Immunity/ protection

• Temperature

  • Thermoregulation

• Carry O2

• Disc shape

• Contain hemoglobin which combines O2 and is iron derivative

• Anemia → low RBC/hemoglobin count

  • hectorite

  • Fatigue, internal bleeding

• 2-3 million RBC/sec

• 1 uL - 4 million RBC

• lives 120 days

• no nucleus or organelles

• made in the bone marrow

• Liver and spleen process out old ones

• too many RBC

• caused by a tumor

• turn moon shaped and become rigid

• blocks blood vessels

• resistant to malaria

• 80-90 years

• Have all organelles, can leave circulatory system

• Different types of WBC

  • Basophil

  • Eosinophil

  • Neutrophil

  • Lymphocyte

  • Monocyte

• Defense and immpunity

• cell fragments

• responsible for blood clotting

It increases the surface area thereby increasing the amount of diffusion that can occur

Heart→whole body→heart

heart→lungs→heart

Heart→kidney→heart

Heart→heart→heart

Heart→liver→heart

Arteries→arterioles→capillaries→venules→veins→vena cava→heart

called “open” because fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and flows out among the tissues; there is no distinction between the circulatory fluid and the interstitial fluid

• the vessels keeping blood distinct from the interstitial fluid

• Three kinds of vessels:

  • Arteries

    • Carry blood away from the heart to body organs and tissues

  • Capillaries

    • Convey blood between arteries and veins within each tissue

  • Veins

    • return blood to the heart

• Often called the cardiovascular system

• Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the aorta, which begins the oxygenated blood’s journey to the body tissues

• Blood flows into the heart through pulmonary veins which bring oxygenated blood from the lungs and two large veins that carry blood from the body tissues

• The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper body and the inferior vena cava brings it from the lower body

valves between the atria and ventricles

Located at the exit from each ventricle

• the rhythmic sequence in which the heart contracts and relaxes

  • When the heart contracts: it pumps blood

  • when the heart relaxes: blood fills it’s chambers

blood flows into all four chambers; blood enters the RA and from the vena cava and the LA from the pulmonary artery, the AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed; lasts about 0.4 second and the ventricles nearly fill with blood